Honors Chemistry Final Review

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering key topics for the Honors Chemistry Final Review, including properties of matter, stoichiometry, thermodynamics, gas laws, solutions, redox reactions, and acid-base theories.

Intensive Property

A physical property that remains the same regardless of the amount of matter present.

Extensive Property

A physical property that changes depending on the amount of matter present.

Chemical Change

A change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances with different properties.

Physical Change

A change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance.

Mole Ratio

A conversion factor that relates the amounts in moles of any two substances involved in a chemical reaction.

Limiting Reagent

The reactant that limits the amount of product that can form in a chemical reaction; it is completely consumed.

Percent Yield

The ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield, multiplied by 100, calculated as $\frac{ ext{actual yield}}{ ext{theoretical yield}} imes 100$.

Enthalpy ($H$)

The heat content of a system at constant pressure.

Entropy ($S$)

A measure of the degree of randomness or disorder in a system.

Gibb’s Free Energy ($G$)

The energy in a system available to do work; calculated using the equation $riangle G = riangle H - T riangle S$.

Hess’ Law

The overall enthalpy change in a reaction is equal to the sum of enthalpy changes for the individual steps in the process.

Activation Energy

The minimum amount of energy required to transform the reactants into an activated complex to initiate a reaction.

Boyle’s Law

The law stating that the volume of a fixed mass of gas varies inversely with the pressure at constant temperature: $P_1V_1 = P_2V_2$.

Charles’ Law

The law stating that the volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure varies directly with the Kelvin temperature: $\frac{V_1}{T_1} = \frac{V_2}{T_2}$.

Ideal Gas Law

The mathematical relationship among pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles of a gas: $PV = nRT$.

Diffusion

The gradual mixing of two or more gases due to their spontaneous, random motion.

Molarity ($M$)

The number of moles of solute in one $dm^3$ of solution: $M = \frac{ ext{mol solute}}{dm^3 ext{ solution}}$.

Molality ($m$)

The concentration of a solution expressed in moles of solute per kilogram of solvent: $m = \frac{ ext{mol solute}}{ ext{kg solvent}}$.

Reduction

A chemical process in which an atom or ion gains electrons, resulting in a decrease in oxidation state.

Oxidation

A chemical process in which an atom or ion loses electrons, resulting in an increase in oxidation state.

Arrhenius Acid

A chemical compound that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions, $H^+$, in aqueous solution.

Bronsted-Lowry Base

A molecule or ion that acts as a proton ($H^+$) acceptor.

Lewis Acid

An atom, ion, or molecule that accepts an electron pair to form a covalent bond.

Amphoteric Substance

Any substance, such as water, that can react as either an acid or a base.

Titration

A method to determine the concentration of a substance in solution by adding a solution of known concentration until the reaction is complete.