A&P Final Review

review for the A&P on final at Augusta University

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the body and its systems (form, shape, organization)

Physiology

the study of the functions and processes of the body and its systems. (how they work)

Level of organization of the human body (simplest to most complex)

1. Chemical/molecule

2. 2. Cell

3. 3. Tissue

4. 4. Organ

5. 5. Organ System

6. 6. Organism

Integumentary system

the body's outer protective covering. It serves to protect internal structures, regulate temperature, and provide sensory information. EX: skin, hair, nails, and associated glands.

Muscular system

allows for the body to manipulate its form due to the environment, it is the locomotion and substance of the body, helps maintain posture and facial expression, and produces heat. EX: Skeletal Muscles

Skeletal system

protects and support body organs, provides framework to the muscles throughout the course of movement, it is the location of blood cell formation, and store minerals. EX: bones and joints

Nervous system

the fast acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. EX: brain and spinal cord

Digestive system

breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood stream for distribution to body cells. It eliminates indigestible substances as feces. EX: esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, liver, and pancreas

Urinary system

eliminates nitrogenous wastes, regulates water, electrolyte, and acid balance in the blood. EX: kidneys, ureters, and urethra

Endocrine system

a slow acting control of the body that helps maintain homeostasis. It secrets hormones the regulate growth, reproduction, and nutrient use of the body cells. EX: thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, and glands

Reproductive system

the production of offspring, and the production milk to nourish said offspring. EX: gonads, s*x organs, and mammary glands

Cardiovascular system

pumps and transports blood that carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste, etc. EX: heart and blood vessels (arteries and veins)

Respiratory system

keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the lungs and blood. EX: larynx, trachea, and lungs

Lymphatic system

picks up fluids leaked from blood vessels and returns it back to the blood. It houses WBC involved in immunity and attacks foreign substances within the body. EX: tonsils, lymph nodes, and spleen

What are the 5 factors required for survival

1. Nutrients

2. Water

3. Oxygen

4. Normal body temperature

5. Appropriate atmospheric temperature

Homeostasi

the ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment

3 main components of a homeostatic control system

1. Receptor: monitors the environment internally and externally and responds to stimuli EX: blood pressure changes (afferent)

2. Control Center: determines the set points at which variables are maintained at, receives input from receptors via afferent pathway, and determines appropriate responses.

3. Effector: receives output from control center via efferent pathway. Allows response and either reduces or enhances stimuli

feedback loop

when the outputs of a system is routed back to the input

positive feedback loop

the response will enhance the original stimuli and may amplify the effect. (increases the change/pushing it further) SAME DIRECTION

negative feedback loop

the response will reduce or shut off stimulus. (reverses the change/keeps things stable) OPPOSITE DIRECTION

Why are most diseases considered a result of homeostatic imbalance?

Disease occurs when homeostasis is disrupted, causing the body to function improperly because internal conditions are no longer within the normal range.

8 anatomical directional terms

• Superior v. Inferior

• Cranial v. Caudal

• Anterior v. Posterior

• Ventral v. Dorsal

• Medial v. Lateral

• Proximal v. Distal

• Central v. Peripheral

• Superficial v. Deep

2 major body divisions

Axial: Head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular: Limbs

3 body planes

Sagittal: divides the body into Rt and Lt

• Midsagittal: cut down midline

• Parasagittal: cut off-centered

Coronal: divides the body into anterior and posterior

Transverse: Divides body into superior and inferior

2 main body cavities and their subdivisions

Dorsal and Ventral

Sub: cranial and vertebral

Serous membranes

Serosa: thin, double layered membrane that covers ventral cavity

• Parietal: lines the cavity walls

• Visceral: lines internal organs

Pericardium: lines heart

Pleura: lines lungs

Peritoneum: lines abdominal organs

4 abdominopelvic quadrants

RUQ = liver and gallbladder

RLQ = stomach and spleen
LUQ = appendix
LLQ = Lg intestine

9 abdomnopelvic regions

RT hypochondriac, epigastric. Lt hypochondriac

Rt lumbar, umbilical, Lt lumbar

Rt inguinal, hypogastric, Lt inguinal

Energy

the capacity to do work

2 main forms of energy

Kinetic: energy in action

Potential: stored energy

Chemical element

a substance made of only one type of atom that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

4 elements that make up 96% of the body

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Oxygen

• Nitrogen

Atom

Proton

positive charge, weights 1 amu

Neutron

no electric charge, weights 1 amu

Electron

negative charge, weights 0 amu

Atomic number

number of protons

Atomic mass

number of protons and neutrons

Atomic weight

avg. mass number of all isotope forms of an atom

Isotope

variations of the same element, same number of protons, different number of neutrons, and different mass number

electrons role in chemical bonding

to be shared and transferred between atoms

Molecule

2 or more atoms bonded together Ex: O

Compound

molecule that has 2 or more different kinds of atoms bonded together

Solution

homogenous mixture with particles evenly distributed throughout

Solvent

Dissolves other substances, present in greatest amount, and is usually liquid

Solute

Substance dissolved in solvent, present in smaller amounts

Colloid

heterogenous mixtures that’s particles are not evenly distributed, and contain large solute particles that do not settle out Ex: cytosol

Suspensions

heterogenous mixtures that contain large visible solutes that do not settle out Ex: blood

Non-polar bonds

equal sharing of electrons between atoms,