Imperial Image Scholarship

Beard - Legacy

'every emperor... was or at least impersonated Augustus'

Williams - Culture Hero

'Aeneas is a Roman hero and a social hero'

Hadrill - Culture Hero

'Augustus' transformation of Rome was a long gradual process'

Galinsky - Divi Filius

'To be the son of a slain dictator was a mixed blessing; to be the son of a god, an unmitigating one'

Gloyn - 'Augustus'

changing his name to Augustus 'wipes the slate clean of his violence'

Hadrill - 'Augustus' & Culture Hero

'Romans were acutely aware of the link between specific places and tradition, above all religious tradition'

Zanker - Imperartor

'Victory in Parthia is... turned into a paradigm for salvation, in which the gods... act as guarantors'

Syme - Propaganda

Only composed their poetry because they were on 'terms of personal friendship with Augustus'

Syme - Imperartor

For power Augustus had sacrificed everything

Syme - Propaganda

Maecenas is the 'minister for propaganda'

Hadrill - Divi Filius

wherever you looked in the Forum, you were confronted with the presence of Caesar's family

Hadrill - Imperartor

Actium is a 'symbol of salvation, of the rescue of destruction'

Galinsky - Culture Hero

Augustan culture is a 'Dynamic and evolving process'

Ahl - Power

When Living under tyranny you can't speak out

Hadrill - Divi Filius

In terms of his association with JC he 'stood with one foot on either side of the dividing line'

Stainer - Divi Filius

'Far better to have a god as a father than a minor aristocrat'

Beard

The Res Gestae "is a self-serving and often rose-tinted piece of work'

Zanker - Pater Patriae

"Augustan Romans viewed the classical Greek period as one of superior moral behaviour"

Hadrill - Imperator

Actium - "It was a battle for Roman values"

Syme - Divi Filius

'The avenging of Caesar had been a battle - cry and the justification of Caesar's Heir'

Galinsky - Imperator

'The representation of the Cuirass... come from the context of the Parthian sucess'

Syme - Imperator

'The battle of Actium was a shabby affair'

Zanker - Imperator & 'Augustus'

'The misdeeds of the civil wars were to be redeemed through sacrifice and religious piety...'

Zanker - Divi Filius, 'Augustus'

"Octavian's new portrait type has a kind of ageless beauty which would have reminded contemporaries of Apollo's own features"

Zanker - Imperator & Pater Patriae

Temple of Palantine Apollo: "the Apollo of Actium was celebrated not as the avenging archer, but as singer and bringer of peace"

Zanker - Pater Patriae

"The imagery of lasting happiness transcended any reality"

Galinsky - Pater Patriae

"the Golden Age is a notion that needs to be used with care"

Galinsky - Peace & War

"Peace and war were intrinsically linked in Augustan thinking"

Syme - Peace & War

"Pax Augusta could not be dissociated from Victoria Augusti"

Galinsky - Pater Patriae

"he was not only pater patriae, but the father of the world, pater orbis"

Zanker

"Promoting his successors effectively was one of Augustus's chief concerns as he got older."

Syndikus - Pater Patriae

"Horace means to endorse Augustus' policies [in Moral Decadence]"

Beard - Divi Filius

"Caesar was Octavian's passport to power"

Beard

"The Res Gestae left a blueprint about how to be an emperor"

Harris - Poetry

literacy rate was 10% at best

Hadrill - Pater Patriae

"Augustus gave the Roman world a new order"

Hadrill - Mythology

"Augustus' new order was rooted in ancient mythology"

Hadrill - Divi Filius

"Caesar had been killed by men who believed libertas could be rescued from tyranny"

Hadrill - Imperator

"Actium was a propaganda battle, a battle for hearts and minds"

Edwards - Women, Pater Patriae

"women had large roles to play as ruling became a large family drama"

Edwards - Culture Hero

"Augustus made Rome into an autocracy disguised as a republic"

Edwards - Culture Hero

"Livia was presented as the exact antithesis of Cleopatra"

Beard - Pater Patriae

"Augustus found Rome as a city of brick and left it a city of marble"

Edwards - Divi Filius

"Augustus put emphasis on a return of ancestral virtue"

Hadrill - 'Augustus'

"Augustus chose to re-introduce the morals of Roman antiquity rather than creating his own"

Goldsworthy - Divi Filius

"Augustus stood with one foot over the divine line"

Bradley

"Augustus' building projects were a form of propaganda"

Cary & Scullard - Legacy

"Augustus' last duty to Rome was to provide it with a successor for his position"

Beard - Imperator

'military success [was] the foundation of political power'

Hadrill

'Augustus was adored by all ranks and conditions of men'