exam 3

When an environmental stimulus is received, the signal is usually transmitted through three types of nerve cells. In which order is the signal transmitted through these cells

Sensory neurons, intersensory, motor neurons

Voltage gated ion channels underlie the function of electrically excitable cells, such as nerve and muscle cells. Which statement is true about voltage gated ion channels

1. Voltage gated ion channels open and close in response to changes in membrane potential. 2. Voltage gated ion channels vary in terms of how rapidly they respond to changes in membrane potential. 3. Voltage gated ion channels involve a conformational change of the transmembrane protein, which occurs in response to membrane voltage that changes the channels permeability to ion flow through the channel

A neuron that responds to the environment is a

sensory neuron

Neuronal stimuli are received by

Dendrites

Ganglia were the evolutionary precursor to the centralized concentration of neurons that we now call a brain.

True

The area within the neuron where stimuli are summed is called the:

Axon hillock

The resting membrane potential of a neuron is determined by

movement of potassium ions relative to other ions

During synaptic transmission:

receptors that bind neurotransmitters trigger a change in postsynaptic membrane potential

In neurons, Ca2+ ion channels are found:

only at the axon terminal membrane.

Which structure is found in the synapse

neurotransmitter

The charge difference between the inside of the cell and the outside of the cell membrane is

The membrane potential

When a gazelle senses a predator, which action is under voluntary control?

running

Neurons can synapse with many different types of cells including muscle cells, secretory cells, and other neurons.

True

Beginning at the synapse of a neuron, place the events in neuronal signaling in the correct sequence.

1. Ion channels bind the ligand and open.

2. Na+ is pumped out of the cell, and the membrane potential is restored.

3. Acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine.

4. Na+ enters the postsynaptic cell, and the membrane potential changes.

5. Acetylcholine is released into the synapse.

6. Na+ ion channels close.

5, 1, 4, 3, 6, 2

What types of synaptic inputs can post synaptic nerve cells receive

Both excitatory and inhibitory

When the dentist gives you a shot of anesthetic before drilling into a tooth, she is numbing a nerve in your mouth, which is a:

cranial nerve, part of the peripheral nervous system.

What is the adaptive benefit of some simple reflex circuits by passing the brain

The response is faster

What is the firing rate of a neuron

the number of action potentials generated over a given period of time

Multiple excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) from temporal summation and spatial summation can result in:

an action potential

An interneuron may receive multiple stimuli from the same sensory neuron over a very short period of time. The firing rate of the receiving neuron is proportional to the number of signals received from the sensory neuron over time. Of which of the following is this an example?

temporal summation

The organization of the human nervous system is completely different from that of other vertebrates

False

Which receptor carries out sensory transduction

1. A CO2 chemoreceptor in a mosquito. 2. A pheromone receptor in a moths antennae. 3. A hair cell in the ear of a gazelle. 4. Thermoreceptors in the skin of vertebrates

Sensory receptors convert blank into blank

Physical or chemical stimuli into nerve impulses

Chemoreceptor is to taste as mechanoreceptor is to

sound

Multiple sensory receptors can synapse on a single neuron. The receiving neuron has a firing rate proportional to the number of signals received. Of which of the following is this an example?

spatial summation

Mechanoreceptors present in human skin are involved in tactile sensation. Where are the cell bodies of these mechanoreceptors located

in ganglia near the spinal cord

The perceived flavor of food depends on the sense of taste and smell. The sensory receptors of olfaction are blank and those of taste buds are blank

Chemoreceptors; chemoreceptors

What type of sensory receptors is present in taste buds

Chemoreceptors

What sense do the three semicircular canals in the mammalian inner ear provide

A sense of angular motion and balance

The three bones of the mammalian inner ear function

to amplify sound waves that strike the tympanic membrane.

Which term is the photosensitive protein that converts the energy of photons into electrical signals in the receptor cells

Opsin

The combination of nerve impulse, neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction, calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and subsequent muscle contraction is known as

Excitation-contraction coupling

Which option describes the motor end plate

The portion of the membrane of the mucus lie cell that has post synaptic receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter released by the motor end plate

Calmodulin is involved in the regulation of

contraction of smooth muscle

Muscle groups that produce similar motion, or work synergistically, at a joint are known as

Agonist

Maximum force is generated by a muscle contraction when:

the sarcomere is at intermediate length before contraction begins.

A muscle can exert force while remaining the same length (e.g., when you hold a heavy bucket of cattle feed in a fixed position). This is known as:

isometric contraction

Muscle contractions have blank force at slower shortening velocities compared to higher shortening velocities

Increased

Motion that causes two bones to move further apart from each other is known as:

extension

Muscles produce higher forces when lengthening than when shortening

True

Which option is a muscle tissue that moves one bone with respect to another, enabling movement of an organism

skeletal muscle

The sliding figment model of muscle contraction hypothesizes that

Actin filaments slide past myosin, causing the shortening of the muscle fiber

The cross-bridge power stroke corresponds to which event in muscle contraction?

sliding of actin with respect to myosin

Which option is the neurotransmitter that is released at the neuromuscular junction

acetylcholine

What is the function of troponin in muscle contraction

Troponin moves tropomyosin from actin binding sites, allowing myosin to bind to actin.

Skeletal muscle contraction is largely dependent on calcium ions that exit the

sarcoplasmic reticulum

What is the basic contracting unit of muscle

sarcomere

What is a muscle fiber

a single muscle cell

Which type of muscle cells are active in vasoconstriction and vasodilation of blood vessels

smooth muscle cells

What is the function of the protein Titin

It attaches the myosin thick filament to the Z disk at the end of the sarcomere.

Calcium is necessary to initiate muscle contraction. Which molecule binds calcium

troponin

What event results from the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP by the myosin head?

cocking of the myosin head

Which of the structures have llamellae

Gills of fish

One of the functions of the respiratory system is to rid the body of CO2. Where does the CO2 come from

CO2 is a breakdown product of the carbohydrates or lipids oxidized in cellular respiration.

Organisms that use bulk flow to move oxygen are able to

achieve larger size than organisms that only use diffusion.

A constant supply of oxygen is essential to animal survival. Why

Without oxygen, cells could not generate sufficient ATP for survival.

To aid inhalation, both the diaphragm and intercostal muscles are used. By expanding the thoracic cavity, the action of these muscles creates a space with _____ atmospheric pressure.

lower pressure than

At the doctors office you may have noticed that when you are asked to breath deeply, your chest rises and falls and expand more dramatically then when you are breathing normally. Why

Your intercostal muscles are being used to expand your chest cavity

Imagine that a young girl suffers a horseback riding injury and on of her ribs punctures her diaphragm. How will the injury affect the girls breathing

It will make it more difficult to increase negative air pressure in her chest cavity, making inhalation more difficult

Muscles that contract slowly and use less ATP to generate their force

Contain primarily slow twitch fibers

Which option is the type of skeletal muscle fiber associated with stamina and endurance

Oxidative slow twitch fiberst

THe cuticle of insects is composed of blank and forms its exoskeleton

Chitin

What would happen to a mammalian heart if the nerves leading to it were severed

The heart muscle would continue to contract but its contraction rate may change.

Given captorprils anti agiotensin activity, ca you explain why it reduces blood pressure

It causes a decrease in the resistance to blood flow

Which statement is true regarding myoglobin

It is found within muscle tissue.

If the partial pressure of oxygen in a man’s blood plasma decreased below that in his red blood cells what would be the result

Oxygen would diffuse out of the red blood cells and less oxygen would be transported through this body

The figure diagrams osmotic pressure (red arrows) and blood pressure (green arrows) as a function of distance along a capillary. The figure explains why

fluid leaves the capillary at the arteriole end and reenters at the venule end.

During the Fight or flight response

heart rate increases and arteries dilate, providing more blood flow to the muscles.

2.respiration increases, providing more O2 to the muscles.

3.arteries supplying the digestive system constrict.

The organization of vertebrate circulatory systems includes:

a separation of the circulation to gas exchange organs from the circulation to body tissues.

2.more efficient gas exchange and increased O2 delivery.

3.higher metabolic rates.

Which option is the portion of the vertebrate skeleton that includes the skull, vertebrate, and ribs

Axial skeleton

Tendons function

To attach muscles to bones

The jaw joint

Hinge joints allow movement in two dimensions (flexion and extension) which joint type is an example of a hinge joint

A ball and socket joint

Has a greater range of motion than a hinge joint

Spongy

What types of bone forms a mesh and supports the bones ends