LESSON 1: Solutions and their Properties

Solutions

homogeneous mixtures ; are mixtures of two or more substances evenly distributed throughout a single phase

Solubility

usually increases with temperature ; how much can be dissolved ; is the maximum amount of a solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature

Solute

is the susbstance dissolved in a solution and is usually present in smaller amount

Solvent

is the dissolving medium

Unsaturated Solution

contains less solute than the solvent’s capacity to dissolve

Saturated Solution

contains the maximum amount of solute that the solvent can dissolve at a certain temperature

Supersaturated Solution

contains more dissolved solute than is present in a saturated solution

Concentration

is a measure of the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent or solution

Mole Fraction

equal to the number of moles of that component divided by the total number of moles of all the components present

Mole Fraction Formula

Molality

is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent

Molality Formula

Molarity

is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution

Molarity Formula

Temperature

a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules ; if it increases it raises the kinetic energy of the solution, allowing solvent to more effectively break apart the intermolecular forces of attractions between solute particles

Pressure

has an appreciable effect on the solubility of gases in gas-liquid solutions, but it has no effect on the solubility of solid salts in water ; according to Henry's Law, increasing the pressure of a gas above a liquid increases its solubility, while decreasing the pressure decreases its solubility

Soluble

something that can dissolve

Insoluble

something that cannot be dissolved

Suspension

is a heterogeneous mixture containing large solid particles dispersed in a liquid or gas, which do not dissolve and will settle out over time due to gravity

Nature of Solute and Solvent

most ionic solutes are soluble in water ; refer to solubility rules ; soluble compounds with group IA, NH4+. NO3 ; for covalent compounds: “Like dissolves like”

Mole Fraction Formula

Percent by Mass Formula

Percent by Volume Formula

Percent by Mass to Volume Formula

Parts per Million Formula