Environmental Criminology and Theories of Crime

These flashcards cover important concepts and theories discussed in the lecture on environmental criminology and crime theory.

Peacemaking Theory

A theory proposed by Harold Pepinsky and Richard Quinney, suggesting that crime results from human suffering, and that reducing suffering through love, compassion, and empathy can lower crime.

Opportunity Theories

Theories focusing on the role of opportunities in crime, suggesting that crime results not just from motivation but also from the availability of means to commit it.

Environmental Criminology

The study of how environmental factors such as location and social structures interact with crime.

Routine Activity Theory

Proposes that the likelihood of crime is increased when motivated offenders encounter suitable targets in the absence of capable guardians.

Situational Factors

Circumstances that influence the likelihood of crime occurring, including learning structures and performance structures.

Learning Structures

Factors such as technical knowledge and social contacts that dictate the availability of opportunities to commit crimes.

Performance Structures

Elements that provide access to tools and resources necessary for committing crimes, as well as suitable targets.

Criminal Opportunities

Situations where a crime is likely to occur, influenced by variables such as gender, race, and the availability of legitimate and illegitimate means.

Restorative Justice

An approach focusing on repairing the harm caused by criminal behavior, stressing reconciliation with victims and community.

Cohen & Felson's (1979) Key Conditions

Crime increases when three conditions converge: motivated offenders, suitable targets, and absence of capable guardians.

Turning Points

Important life events that can lead to desistance from crime and shift an individual's lifestyle towards pro-social behavior.

Low Self-Control Theory

A theory positing that individuals with low self-control are more likely to engage in criminal behavior.

Control Theories

Theories that focus on what prevents individuals from committing crimes, emphasizing bonds to society and self-regulation.

Differential Association Theory (DAT)

Proposes that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others, particularly within a criminal subculture.

Strain Theory

A framework that views crime as a response to the pressure of societal expectations and the inability to achieve legitimate goals.

White-Collar Crime

A crime committed by individuals of high social status in their professional life, often involving deceit and the concealment of illegal acts.

Cultural Theories

Theories suggesting that crime is a product of cultural values and norms within specific community subcultures.