exam #4

18-30

age range associated with emerging adulthood

fertility; strength

emerging adulthood is characterized by a peak in _______ & _______ .

• most have reached full height

• accumulate more fat & muscle

characteristics of physical growth in emerging adulthood

18

by what age have most people reached their full height?

decreasing

rates of sexual activity AND births among young adults are _________ .

cohort effects / “secular trends”

terms that describe generational differences

cohort; economic

many aspects of sexual activity in early adulthood show ______ & ______ effects.

marry; have children

people who _____ & _____ have decreased with each cohort.

• male

• black

• of low SES

the demographics for which marriage & child-bearing rates have most decreased

premarital sex

has led to an increased risk of STIs

HIV

has become a world-wide epidemic due to air travel & sexual activity among young adults

no! → does mitigate but is not a guaranteed preventative measure

does protection fully eliminate risk of contracting HIV?

• stigma

• cost

• scarcity of medical providers

contribute to the continuation of STIs

decreased; increased

while sexual activity rates among young adults have ________ , STI rates have _______ .

women:

• under 30

• with low incomes

the demographic least likely to utilize contraceptives

• forethought required for contraceptive use

• contraceptives failing

• cost of contraception

contribute to unplanned pregnancies

IUD

most effective temporary type of contraceptive

lag; cascade

aging effects _____ & _____ .

organ reserve

the capacity of organs to allow the body to cope with stress via extra, unused functioning ability

shrinks each year

change in organ reserve throughout adulthood

speedy recovery from temporary insults to the body

in emerging adulthood, organ reserve allows:

homeostasis

adjustment of the body’s systems to keep physiological functions in equilibrium

take longer

as we age, homeostatic adjustments ________ .

allostasis

dynamic body adjustment that affects overall physiology over time

allostasis

≈ homeostasis over long periods of time (many years)

allostatic load

cumulative wear & tear due to chronic stress

• heart disease

• diabetes

• metabolic syndrome

allostatic load is predictive of:

• exercise

• relaxation

ways to decrease your allostatic load

chronic stress

the largest contributor to allostatic load

constellation of measures

• excess weight (specifically in abdomen)

• high BP

• high triglycerides

• low levels of HDL cholesterol

• insulin resistance

that combine to put a person at greater risk for serious disease.

characteristics of metabolic syndrome

emerging adulthood

a “critical risk period” in the development or prevention of disordered eating

disordered eating

any unhealthy eating pattern

eating disorder

• diagnosable

• predominant pattern of disordered eating

• interferes with daily life

anorexia nervosa

characterized by extreme calorie restriction

anorexia nervosa

the most extreme / lethal eating disorder

the brain

years of nutritional deprivation, as in cases of anorexia nervosa, may affect:

bulimia nervosa

eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging

• vomiting

• exercising

ways purging may manifest in cases of bulimia nervosa

binge eating disorder

eating disorder characterized by compulsive overeating

• heart issues

• GI issues

risks associated with bulimia nervosa

• T2D / blood sugar issues

• elevated cholesterol

risks associated with binge eating disorder

stress

binge eating disorder is often due to _____ .

increases

drug use _______ in emerging adulthood.

drug use

the consumption of recreational and / or illicit drugs

drug abuse

characterized by the use of drugs in a way that:

• decreases health

• increases the risks associated with use

• binge drinking

• taking medications not prescribed to your OR taking more than prescribed

• consuming weed until impaired for a long period and / or long enough to become sick

examples of drug abuse

drug addiction

• a psychological disorder

• characterized by physical dependence on a substance

using the drug; NOT using the drug

while in active drug addiction, both _______ & ______ causes harm to the body.

no! → may develop from the use of prescribwed medications (ie. opioids)

do all individuals that experience drug addiction have a history of drug abuse?

least vulnerable

• older adults

• young adults (18-25)

• adolescents

most vulnerable

age groups that are least to most vulnerable to drug addiction

live away from home

people who ______ are especially vulnerable to peer influence regarding drug use.

postformal thought

the proposed fifth stage of cognitive development (@ Piaget’s theory)

more:

• practical

• flexible

• dialectical

in what ways does postformal thought extend beyond adolescent thinking?

formal analysis: integrating emotions & practical concerns

postformal thought is characterized by:

formal analysis

the ability to acknowledge / set aside one’s emotional gut reaction to focus on practicality

more

• complex

• nuanced

• paradoxical thinking

postformal thought / formal analysis enables:

paradoxical thinking

understanding that two things can be true @ the same time

postformal thinking

in emerging adulthood, ____ is used when making major life choices.

postformal thinking

helps emerging adults handle complex, real-world decisions & relationships more maturely

partner; interracial / interethnic / interfaith

postformal thought is evident in ______ selection, especially with increased ________ relationships.

interpersonal negotiation

postformal thought allows for advanced ________ when conflicts occur in relationships.

flow

when focusing on a task leads to intense engagement

• engaging

• manageable

• enjoyable

flow most often occurs with tasks that are:

• ordinary distractions disappear

• time “flies”

• able to “turn brain off”

characteristics of “flow”

mindfulness

occurs when one’s attention is fully on an immediate situation & they are able to accept any contradictions / complexities that occur

• well-being

• focus

• cognition

mindfulness enhances:

intentional; conscious

mindfulness is more ________ than “flow”.

dialectical thought

the most advanced cognitive process

thesis + antithesis → synthesis

process of dialectical thought

• pros / cons

• advantages / disadvantages

dialectical thought leads to increased awareness of:

political activity

dialectical thought is heavily involved in _______ .

dialectical thought

allows one to more effectively criticize existing structures

thesis

in dialectical thought: the proposition of belief

antithesis

in dialectical thought: a belief that opposes the thesis

synthesis

in dialectical thought: integrates both the thesis & antithesis to create a more comprehensive level of truth

synthesis

in dialectical thought: the “compromise” / “middle ground”

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson’s sixth stage of psychosocial development, experienced during emering adulthood

• seek enduring friendships / relationships with partners

• without commitment, risk being lonely / isolated

characteristics of Erikson’s “Intimacy vs Isolation” stage

Intimacy vs Isolation

Erikson believed the _______ stage to be the “hallmark” of adulthood.

• intimate connections to a partner

• children

may occur later in adulthood than Erikson expected

adulthood

one’s political identity is most likely to change in ______ .

cost of living

political issue of most priority to US voters 18-34

postformal thought → openness to ideas

defining features of emerging adulthood that make changes in political identity more likely

voca

_______ identity is significant in early adulthood & impacted by economic challenges.

John Holland’s Occupational Themes

outlines six dimensions of occupations that overlap & combine

one

according to John Holland’s Occupational Themes, all jobs have at least _______ relevant dimension.

• conventional: structured business situations

• realistic: practical, hands-on, physical activities

• investigative: solving abstract problems in engineering- or science-related subjects

• artistic: unstructured situations that involve self-expression of ideas / concepts

• social: direct service or helping opportunities

• enterprising: business situations (persuasion, selling, influence)

six dimensions according to John Holland’s Occupational Themes

“Linked Lives”

phrase used by the textbook to explain how the success, health, & well-being of each family member are connected to those of other family members’

parents → a change from 50 years ago

do more emerging adults live with their parents or with a spouse?

“Failure to Launch” Syndrome

occur when parents worry about their children who are not independent

helicopter parents

parents who hover over their child, ready to swoop in should any problems arise

snowplow parents

parents who try to remove any impediments from their child’s path

snowplow

are helicopter or snowplow parents considered more “extreme”?

secure attachment with parents in infancy & childhood

fosters lifelong friendships

quality; quantity

as people age, _______ of friendships becomes more important than _______ .

• activities

• interests

• external matters

information typically shared in male friendships

• secrets

• weaknesses

• problems

• sympathy / attention

information typically shared in female friendships