Exam #5: Endocrine & Reproductive (BIO 224 CSN)

What secretes the thyroid stimulating hormone?

The anterior pituitary

Which cells does the thyroid stimulating hormone target?

The thyroid

What does the thyroid stimulating hormone do?

Increase secretions of T3 and T4 from the thyroid to regulate metabolism

Where is thymosin secreted from?

The thymus gland

What cells does thymosin target

T-lymphocytes

What does thymosin do?

Stimulate white blood cell production and maturity

1. Primordial follicles mature into what?

Primary follicles

2. Primary follicles mature into what?

Secondary follicles

3. Secondary follicles mature into what?

Vesicular follicles

4. What begins ovulation?

The popping of the vesicular follicle which allows the egg to be released

5. After the egg leaves the follicles, what do the remaining cells degenerate into?

The corpus luteum

6. After 10 days, what does the corpus luteum degenerate into?

The corpus albicans

What secretes T3 and T4?

The thyroid

What are the target cells of T3 and T4?

General

What do T3 and T4 do?

Increase metabolism, growth, and development

Where is the most common site of fertilization?

The uterine tube/fallopian tube

How does the uterine tube move the egg through it?

By peristalsis and ciliary movements

Explain the anatomical connection between the ovary and uterine tube.

The uterine tube surrounds the ovary but does not touch it

How does the egg get into the uterine tube?

Fimbriae sweep the egg into the infundibulum

What is the most common site of implantation?

The uterus

What is the perimetrium made out of?

Connective tissue

What is the myometrium made out of?

Smooth muscle

What is the endometrium made out of?

The stratum basalis and stratum functionalis

What comprises the vagina?

Stratified squamous epithelium, smooth muscle, and elastic fibers

What is the perineum consist of?

The diamond shaped region from the pubic arch to the coccyx and out to the ischial spines laterally

Define vestibulae

Structures within the labia minora

Name the structures within the labia minora (3)

Clitoris, urethral oriface, and vaginal oriface

What does the perineum encompass?

The vestibulae, labia majora, and anus

What are the layers of the uterus?

Perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium

What does the myometrium do?

Contract to expel a baby or the uterine lining

Which cells surround the egg?

Follicular cells

Which follicular cells do you have at birth?

Primordial

Define antrum

Cavity between layers of follicular cells that fills with fluid

What does FSH do to the follicular cells?

Make them reproduce

What does LH cause?

The popping of the vestibular follicle

What do the cells that stay behind after the egg leaves become?

The corpus luteum

What does the corpus luteum make?

Progesterone

After how long does the corpus luteum break down?

10 days

What does the corpus luteum become?

The corpus albicans

When sperm are made, are they mobile or nonmobile?

Nonmobile

Is an erection a parasympathetic response or sympathetic?

Parasympathetic

For an erection, there is an increase in nitric oxide causing what?

Vasodilation

What is the function of the corpus cavernosa?

To maintain the erection

What is the function of the corpus spongiosum?

To keep the urethra open

Is ejaculation sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Sympathetic

What contracts in ejaculation?

Reproductive glands, internal urethral sphincter, and bulbospongiosus muscles

What is the female gonad?

Ovary

What is the female gamete?

Egg

What are the external genetalia of the female?

Mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, and clitoris

What is the female gland?

Vestibular gland

What are the female ducts?

Uterine tube, uterus, and vagina

What are the female hormones?

Estrogen and progesterone

What is the function of the penis?

To deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract

What is the penis attached to?

The pubis and ischium

Where is the epididymis?

On top of the testes

What enters the epididymis?

Nonmobile sperm by peristalsis

What does fructose in semen do?

Energize sperm

What does relaxin in semen do?

Enhance sperm motility

What do prostaglandins in semen do?

Facilitate sperm movement through the female reproductive tract

What does seminalplasmin in semen do?

Suppress the female immune response

What does the vas deferens do?

Convey sperm via peristalsis back into the abdomino-pelvic cavity

What does the seminal vesicle do?

Join ductus deferens and secrete alkaline fluid rich in fructose and prostaglandins

What does the prostate do?

Secrete chemicals needed to activate sperm

What do the bulbourethral glands do?

Neutralize traces of acidic urine

Define Gonad

Primary sex organ

What do gonads produce?

Gametes

What are the reproductive hormones?

Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

What is the male gonad?

Testis

What is the male gamete?

Sperm

What is the male hormone?

Testosterone

What are the male accessory glands? (3)

Seminal vesicle, prostate, and bulbourethral

What are the male ducts? (4)

Epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra

What are the male external genitalia?

Scrotum, penis, and prepuce

What are the male erectile tissues?

Corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum

How many corpus cavernosum layers are there?

2

How many corpus spongiosum layers are there?

1

Is the corpus cavernosum on top or bottom?

Top

Is the corpus spongiosum on top or bottom?

Bottom

What are the testes separated by?

Midline septum

What is the function of the scrotum?

To keep the testes cool

Define torsion

Testicles turning on themselves

Which muscles are attached to the testes?

Oblique

What does the spermatic cord encase?

Blood supply, nerve supply, and vas deferens

What secretes prolactin?

The anterior pituitary

What are the target cells of prolactin?

Ovaries, mammaries, and testes

What does prolactin do?

Increase milk production, sustain milk post-partum, and increase testosterone and sperm

Where is parathormone secreted from?

Parathyroid

What are the target cells of PTH?

Bone, kidney, and digestive tract

What does PTH do?

Increase blood calcium and osteoclastic activity

What secretes oxytocin?

Posterior pituitary, hypothalamus

What are the target cells of oxytocin?

Uterus and mammaries

What does oxytocin do?

Increase milk secretion, increase uterine contractions, increase parenting behaviors, and regulate length of reproductive cycle

What secretes norepinephrine?

Adrenal gland

What are the target cells of norepinephrine?

Blood vessels

What does norepinephrine do?

Increase vasoconstriction and heart rate

What secretes MSH?

Intermediate lobe of pituitary

What is MSH?

Melanocyte stimulating hormone

What are the target cells of MSH?

Melanocytes

What does MSH do?

Disperse pigment

Where is melatonin secreted from?

The pineal gland