CBNS116 Final material: Emotion+ cortex

Lectures 14-15

What are the medial inputs to the amygdala?

Olfactory(medial)

What are the central inputs to the amygdala?

Brainstem, septal area, hypothalamus

What are the basolateral inputs to the amygdala?

Visual, somatosensory, and auditory cortex, insula, anterior cingulate

What are the basolateral OUTPUTS to the amygdala?

thalamus, visual cortex, hippocampus, insula, striatum

Explain localized functional specialization

If you damage a specific part of the brain, you lose the functional ability that region is involved in

What time of neuron are the majority of cortical neurons?

Pyramidal

Neocortex pyramidal cells are ________(excitatory/inhibitory) ______(input/output) neurons.

excitatory, output

What is the corpus callosum?

White matter tracts like connect the cortex and motor association areas

What are the major afferents to the neocortex

Thalamic relay nuclei, thalamic intralaminar nuclei, association fibers from other cortical areas.

How many layers is the neocortex comprised of? Which layer forms first during development?

6 layers. Layer 6 develops first and stacks upward.

Projections to other cortical areas are through what type of fibers?

associational or commisural

What does retinotopic mapping mean?

The location of stimuli in the visual field is maintained in brain structures

The upper visual field corresponds to the _____ retina, and vice versa.

Lower

The upper visual field corresponds to the ______ visual cortex.

Inferior

True or false: retinal ganglion cells have 1 target.

False, they have multiple.

Function of the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (LGN)

shapes and filters visual information

Function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

circadian rhythms

What is the input relay for the visual area(V1) of the brain?

Lateral geniculate nucleus

What do orientation sensitive cells in the LGN do?

Detects edges

Lesions in what brain area eliminate facial recognition?

Fusiform face area

Which layer of the neocortex does thalamic input go to?

Layer 4

Which layer of the neocortex does motor output project from?

Layer 5

Which lobe is the auditory map(A1) located?

Temporal lobe

What is tonotopic organization?

Different frequencies of sound are processed by different areas

Describe the central auditory pathway starting from the cochlea/

Cochlea—>medulla—>midbrain—>thalamus—>auditory cortex

What are the 3 subregions of the auditory cortex?

Auditory area 1, rostral, rostrotemporal area

Function of auditory area 1

Temporal coding and feature extraction (Pitch, tone,loudness)

Function of rostral area

Rate coding shift (slower processing)

Function of rostrotemporal area

The “what” stream to identify auditory objects, outputs to PFC

What is the difference between EE and EI neurons

EE is excited by both ears, EI is excited by only 1 ear, inhibited by the other

What are the inputs of the secondary auditory cortex?

Primary auditory cortex, medial and dorsal divisions of thalamus

What is the function of the secondary auditory cortex

Integrates complex auditory information, attention gating

Which lobe is the olfactory cortex located in?

frontal

Are most projections of the olfactory pathways ipsilateral or contralateral?

Ipsilateral

Does the olfactory cortex use labeled line coding or combinatorial coding?

Combinatorial

Which brainstem structure is responsible for orchestrating complex, coordinated defensive and threatening responses?

Periaqueductal Gray (PAG)