respiratory system

what is the order of air flow through the body?

nose/mouth > nasal cavity > pharynx > larynx > trachea > right & left bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli

what is the throat?

pharynx

what is the voice box?

larynx

what is the windpipe?

trachea

what are the branching airways?

bronchi and bronchioles

what is the site of gas exchange?

alveoli

what cells produce surfactant?

type II alveolar cells

what does surfactant do?

prevents alveolar collapse by reducing surface tension

what controls blood pH?

CO2

how do the lungs regulate pH?

by changing breathing rate

if blood is too acidic (low pH), how does the body respond? what are the results?

responds by: increasing breathing rate and removing CO2 faster

result: CO2 decreases and blood becomes less acidic

if blood is too basic (high pH), how does the body respond? what are the results?

responds by: decreasing breathing rate and retaining CO2

result: CO2 increases and blood becomes more acidic

what creates more acidic blood?

more CO2, which creates more H+

what creates more basic blood?

less CO2, which creates less H+

what is the waste product that affects pH?

carbon dioxide

what happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?

contracts (moves down)

what happens to the diaphragm during exhalation?

diaphragm relaxes (moves up)

_______ = fast pH control (minutes); _______ = slow pH control (hours-days)

lungs; kidneys

how do the kidneys respond when blood is too acidic?

excreting hydrogen ions (H+), which removes acid from the body, and reabsorbing bicarbonate (HCO3-) to neutralize acid

how do the kidneys respond when blood is too basic?

by retaining H+, which adds acid back into blood, and by excreting bicarbonate, which removes base