Q1 L1.1 GEN BIO: PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Prokaryotic cells

are unicellular, no nucleus (the nucleus is supposed to keep the DNA)

nucleoid, cytoplasm

Prokaryotic cells have its DNA in an unbounded region called the _________, No membrane-bound organelles, and its _________ bound by the plasma membrane.

Flagella

(tail-like) helps bacteria move around

Fimbriae

(hair-like) also for movement

Capsule

slimy, found outside SOME prokaryotic cells, allows the cell to be protected from conditions such as being exposed to dehydration

Cell wall

another membrane aside from the plasma membrane

true

"Eu" means _______

nucleus

"karyote" means

true nucleus

Eukaryotic cells are called "_______ _______" because there is a membrane that encloses the nucleus.

Eukaryotic cells

It has DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope and has membrane-bound organelles Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus.

Eukaryotic cells

are generally larger compared to prokaryotic cells

1-10 micrometers

Prokaryotic cell size

10-100 micrometers

Eukaryotic cell size

Eukaryotic

Black bread mold, eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

Eukaryotic

Tardigrades/Water bears, eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

Eukaryotic; one-celled, can be seen in pond water.

Euglena (protist), eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

eukaryotic, causes amoebiasis (an infection of the intestines)

Amoeba (protist), eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

prokaryotic, (overpopulates when water reaches high temperatures)

Algae, eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

Plasma membrane

Cytosol

Chromosomes

Ribosomes

Basic features of all cells (4)

Plasma membrane

separates inside and outside of cell; controls and allows transport from outside of the cell to inside

Cytosol

liquid inside of cells that contains proteins, ions, messenger molecules, and more.

Chromosomes

carry genes

Ribosomes

are macromolecular machines, found within all cells, that perform biological protein synthesis

● The surface-to-volume ratio is critical.

● The logistics of carrying out cellular metabolism sets limits on the size of cells.

● Small cells have a greater surface area relative to volume.

● As the surface area increases by a factor of n2, the volume increases by a factor of n3.

● More surface area = more passages for molecules to support the system

Why cells are small

diffusion, starvation

Every cell has a limit of surface area to volume ratio to ensure that the exchange of resources and waste occurs quickly enough for the cell to survive. If cells were too big, _________ would take an extremely long time , and a cell could die from _________ or poison itself with its wastes.

cocci

circular shaped bacteria

Coccus

singular form of cocci (1)

diplococcus

a round, spherical-shaped bacterium that typically occurs in pairs

Tetrad

cocci that divide in two perpendicular planes to form groups of four cells

sarcina

pack-like cuboidal arrangement of eight cocci

streptococci

chains + circular bacteria

staphylococci

random clusters cocci

bacilli

rod shaped bacteria

bacillus

singular form of bacilli

Coccobacillus

singular form of a mixture of coccus and bacillus

diplobacilli

2 bacilli

streptobacilli

chains + rods bacilli

palisades

vertical rows bacilli

Spirilla

Corynebacterium

Vibrios

Spirochete

Other shaped bacteria (4)

Spirilla

Spiral-shaped bacteria that has flagella; rigid cell wall

Corynebacterium

Club-shaped bacteria

Vibrios

Comma-shaped bacteria

Spirochete

Spiral-shaped but has a more flexible cell wall than spirilla

Gram-positive (purple/crystal violet)

Gram-negative (pink/safranin/fuchsin)

Gram stain results classify bacteria into two main categories