Recap Notes.docx

Aboriginal and Indigenous

All encompassing terms for various groups like Metis, Native, and Indian.

Metis, Native, and Indian

Specific groups falling under the broader category of Aboriginal and Indigenous.

Status Indians

Individuals recognized as Indian according to the Indian Act.

Non-Status Indians

People not defined as Metis or Inuit and do not fall under the Indian Act.

White Privilege

Access to resources or opportunities that people of color in similar situations may not have.

Microassaults

Intentional discriminatory actions like displaying white supremacist symbols.

Microinsults

Verbal or nonverbal communications conveying rudeness and insensitivity towards one's heritage.

Lateral Violence

Violence inflicted by individuals within the same group.

Decolonization

Action to undo the effects of colonization and reconcile with Indigenous peoples.

Fur Trade

Economic activity involving the exchange of fur, impacting Indigenous communities and European settlers.

Industrial Revolution and Capitalism

The rise of industrialization and capitalism led to fractured relationships between people, introducing modernization to British and First Nations societies.

Treaty

Treaties are agreements made between different nations, considered nation-to-nation agreements, including economic treaties for trade and peace and friendship treaties for kinship.

Peace and Friendship Treaties 1725-1779

Two Row Wampum symbolized respect for each other's way of life, negotiated between the Haundenosaunee and Dutch Govt, representing laws, beliefs, and practices of separate groups.

Royal Proclamation of 1763

The Proclamation acknowledged rights to Indian land, delineated boundaries of British Quebec, and established guidelines for land acquisition, aiming to protect unsettled Indian lands from individual negotiations.

Indian Act

Enacted in 1876, the Indian Act had major implications on First Nations people, regulating membership, reserves, governance, education, taxes, alcohol, and land use.

Enfranchisement

Under the Indian Act, enfranchisement led to the loss of status for Indigenous individuals, granting Canadian citizenship but limiting rights, with involuntary enfranchisement increasing during WW2.

Land Appropriation

Acts like the 1906 legislation allowed the Department of Indian Affairs to distribute sale proceeds to Band members, leading to significant land surrenders and exploitation of resources.

Gender Roles in Indigenous Communities

Indigenous societies had fluid gender roles, with women playing crucial roles in decision-making, military campaigns, and caregiving, challenging misconceptions and highlighting an egalitarian society.

Elders

Protectors of children who teach and safeguard the future of the community.

Two Spirit

Pan-Native North American term for individuals embodying both masculine and feminine traits.

Bill C31

Legislation that reinstated registered status for Indigenous individuals and children, affecting entitlement to Indian registration.

Indian Act of 1985

Legislation determining who is entitled to Indian status and the passing of status to children.

Band Membership

Authority granted to bands to develop their own membership regulations while Indian status control remains with the Federal government.

Sexual Policing of Women

Historical mistreatment of Indigenous women by settlers, leading to issues like murdered and missing Indigenous girls.

Residential Schools

Institutions funded by the Federal government and Christian missionaries to assimilate Indigenous children into Canadian society.

60's Scoop

Period where Indigenous children were taken from families and placed in non-Indigenous homes, leading to cultural displacement.

TRC

Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, established in 2008 to address the legacy of residential schools and promote healing.

Indigenous Contributions in War

Indigenous peoples' involvement in World Wars, facing discrimination but making significant contributions and achievements.

Land Claims

Negotiations between Indigenous groups and the government regarding ownership, rights, and management of land and resources.

Nunavut Creation

Establishment of Nunavut as Canada's 3rd territory in 1999, showcasing Indigenous self-government and advancement.

Calder Case

Supreme Court decision in 1973 recognizing Aboriginal title based on long-term land use and continuous occupancy.

Comprehensive Land Claims

Negotiations based on traditional Indigenous land use, self-governance, financial compensation, and resource rights.

Resistance

Actions to prevent or stop occurrences, such as legal challenges, cultural practices in secret, and running away from residential schools.

Resilience

Ability to rebound after hardship, as seen in Indigenous survival, resistance, and challenges to the child welfare system.

Red Power Movement

Indigenous activism advocating for Aboriginal title recognition, treaty rights, and sovereignty.

Metis

People of mixed European and First Nations ancestry with specific cultural understanding and ancestral land base.

Health Perspectives

Western biomedical approach versus Indigenous views emphasizing connections to land, ancestors, and ceremonies for balance.

Cultural Appropriation

Adopting elements from one culture into another, often by the dominant culture, with examples like traditional wear or hairstyles.

Metis

Descendants of mixed Indigenous and European ancestry, with a unique culture and history.

Quebec

Region with a significant concentration of French fur traders and a history of mixed marriages and Metis communities.

Rules of the Hunt

Metis tradition and policy related to buffalo hunts, later used for governance in Manitoba.

Indigenous Health Disparities

Discrepancies in health outcomes between Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations in Canada.

Poverty in Indigenous Communities

Factors like lack of sanitation, clean water, and nutritious food affecting Indigenous populations.

Oka Crisis

1990 standoff involving Mohawk protesters, Quebec police, and the Canadian Army over land disputes.

UNDRIP

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, opposed by Canada among a few others.

Idle No More

Movement led by Indigenous activists advocating for the renewal of the relationship between Canada and Indigenous peoples.

Louis Riel

Leader of the Metis who played a significant role in the Red River Resistance and the creation of Manitoba.

Scrip

Promissory notes issued to Metis individuals as a form of land allocation, often leading to land dispossession and fraud.

Metis Association of Alberta (MAA)

A regional political organization formed by Metis in the 1930s with around 1200 members, advocating for Metis rights and betterment.

Blood Quantum

The criteria used in the 1940s to define a Metis person as having at least 1/4 Indian blood, leading to debates on Metis identity and rights.

Metis National Council (MNC)

Represents Metis organizations in several provinces, defining Metis as those self-identifying with historic Metis Nation ancestry and distinct from other Aboriginal peoples.

Metis vs metis

The distinction between big M Metis, tracing back to Red River Settlement with a shared culture, and little m metis, having mixed heritage without a common identity.

Powley Decision

A 2004 Supreme Court of Canada ruling acknowledging Metis possess aboriginal rights, based on a case involving hunting rights for Metis individuals.

Daniels Case

A legal case in 1999 recognizing Metis and non-status Indians as Indigenous peoples under the federal government's responsibility, emphasizing their distinct identity and rights.