Psychopathology Exam 3

anhedonia

A lack of interest or pleasure in things that are usually rewarding.

behavioral activation

A therapeutic intervention to increase engagement in rewarding and value-driven activities.

bipolar disorder-I

A bipolar disorder that requires at least one manic episode and may be followed by both depressive and manic episodes.

bipolar disorder-II

A bipolar disorder that includes at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode.

cognitive behavioral therapy

An evidence-based psychotherapy treatment focused on changing patterns of thinking and/or behavior.

cognitive model of depression

A model of depression suggesting depressed symptoms develop from processing information about the internal and external environment in a negative or biased way.

cognitive restructuring

A therapeutic intervention aimed at identifying and challenging irrational or maladaptive thoughts associated with negative emotional and/or behavioral consequences.

cognitive therapy

A psychotherapy that involves psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring.

co-rumination

Excessive, pessimistic, and self-critical discussion of negative feeling states as well as the causes and consequences of problems with others (e.g., peers, parents).

cyclothymia

A bipolar disorder that requires cycling periods of depressive and hypomanic symptoms, without fulfilling the criteria for an episode of mania, hypomania, or major depression, for at least two years.

default mode network

A constellation of brain areas active when one is daydreaming or letting their mind wander.

depression homophily

The tendency for similarity in depressive symptoms within social networks.

dispositional negative affect

A broad-based tendency to experience and express negative mood states, respond strongly to stress, and generate increased interpersonal stress.

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

A depressive disorder diagnosed in youth aged 6 to 18 years, characterized by irritability and impulsive or aggressive outbursts.

electroconvulsive therapy

A treatment used for treatment-resistant depression in which, following administration of a general anesthetic, an electrical current is delivered to produce a brief seizure.

emotion regulation network

A treatment used for treatment-resistant depression in which, following administration of a general anesthetic, an electrical current is delivered to produce a brief seizure.

family-focused therapy

A therapy that includes psychotherapy for the patient and family in order to reduce environmental stress that might trigger a depressive or manic episode.

hopelessness theory of depression

A theory suggesting depression emerges when people develop a sense of hopelessness, which results from negative interpretations related to the causes, consequences, and self-implications of negative events.

hypercortisolism

Elevated levels of cortisol; linked with reduced volume of key structures implicated in major depressive disorder.

hypomania

An abnormality of mood resembling mania but of lesser intensity.

interpersonal and social rhythms therapy

A behavioral therapy that aims to help clients establish consistent sleep and social routines to treat the disruption in circadian rhythms associated with bipolar disorder.

interpersonal psychotherapy

A well-established treatment that aims to address interpersonal factors contributing to depression.

interpersonal theory of suicidal behavior

A theory suggesting suicidal behavior and suicide results from a process of moving from thinking about suicide (ideation) to acquiring the ability to take action (suicide attempt).

lateral prefrontal cortex system

Structures involved in voluntary emotion regulation, also known as top-down emotion regulation.

lithium

A mood stabilizer used to treat manic episodes.

major depressive disorder

A depressive disorder characterized by at least one major depressive episode and no history of manic episodes.

major depressive episode

Five (or more) depressive symptoms present over a 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning.

medial prefrontal cortex system

Structures involved in automatic emotion regulation, also known as bottom-up emotion regulation.

negative cognitive triad

Negative beliefs about the self, world, and future.

neuroinflammation

Inflammation of the brain.

neuromodulatory therapies

Therapies designed to change brain activity without using medication, such as brain stimulation.

persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

A chronic depressed mood that occurs for most of the day, for more days than not, for at least 2 years (or at least 1 year for children and adolescents).

positive affect

A tendency to experience positive emotions like happiness, joy, and confidence, as well as to approach rewarding stimuli.

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

A disorder characterized by mood lability, irritability, dysphoria, and anxiety symptoms, accompanied by behavioral and physical symptoms, that occur repeatedly during the premenstrual phase of the cycle and remit around the onset of menses or shortly thereafter.

psychoeducation

An evidence-based therapeutic intervention that involves providing information to help the patient better understand the nature and causes of a disorder and ways to cope.

recovery

A period with few or no depressive symptoms (usually 2-6 months).

recurrence

The onset of a new depressive episode following recovery.

response styles theory

A theory of depression that incorporates the role of rumination, a response to distress that involves excessively focusing on it.

reward circuit

An inter-related set of brain regions involved in reward learning.

reward sensitivity

A dispositional factor that reflects reactivity to appetitive (or rewarding) cues; implicated in risk for bipolar disorder.

right frontal asymmetry

Relative hyperactivity of the right prefrontal cortex linked to depression onset.

rumination

An excessive, pessimistic and self-critical focus on negative feeling states as well as the causes and consequences of problems.

schema

A mental representation that is comprised of many elements.

selection

Choosing peers or other socializing agents because of shared characteristics, such as elevated depressive symptoms.

sleep efficiency

The ratio of time spent asleep (total sleep time) to the length of time spent in bed.

socialization

The process of being influenced by peers or other socializing agents.

stress generation

A hypothesis that depressed individuals are likely to behave in ways that contribute to the worsening of stress or occurrence of negative events in their lives.

suicidal ideation

Thinking about suicide in ways that are passive (e.g., wishing you were dead) or active (having thoughts about killing yourself).

suicide attempt

A non-fatal, self-initiated act with the potential for injury and with at least some intent to die.

transcranial magnetic stimulation

A noninvasive procedure where a large electromagnetic coil is placed on the scalp and a series of magnetic stimulations are delivered to stimulate nerve cells.

amenorrhea

cessation of the menstrual cycle

anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by restricted energy intake that results in significantly low body weight

binge eating

eating an excessive amount of food in a discrete period of time, accompanied by a lack of control over eating

binge-eating disorder

a mental disorder characterized by recurrent, impairing binge-eating episodes

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by binge-eating and compensatory weight control behaviors.

conversion disorder

a disorder characterized by distressing or impairing alterations to motor or sensory functions.

enhanced cognitive behavior therapy

an evidenced-based therapy, particularly for bulimia nervosa, in which factors central to the eating disorder, such as over-evaluation of one's weight, are treated via cognitive and behavioral treatment approaches.

family-based therapy

an evidenced-based therapy for adolescents with anorexia or bulimia nervosa, that focuses on empowering parents to help their child restore healthy eating habits.

factitious disorder

a disorder that involves faking symptoms for internal reasons.

illness anxiety disorder

Preoccupation about the possibility of a physical health problem in the absence of significant physical symptoms.

lanugo

fine hair that appears primarily on the face and along the spine in the context of anorexia nervosa

malinger

faking symptoms for external reasons.

purging

methods such as vomiting or misusing laxatives in order to compensate for calorie intake

somatic symptom disorder

a disorder characterized by an impairing preoccupation with at least one bodily symptom.

thin ideal

the idea that to be beautiful, one has to be slender

addiction

A repeating cycle that worsens over time of substance use, followed by withdrawal and negative affect, followed by craving more of the drug.

addictive behaviors

Compulsive seeking of and taking a substance, inability to control substance use, and negative feelings following an inability to access the substance.

alcohol use disorder

a substance use disorder reflecting a problematic pattern of alcohol use within a 12-month period.

behavioral couples therapy

an evidence-based intervention for substance use disorders in which interpersonal difficulties are targeted.

binge drinking

for women, consuming four or more alcoholic beverages in a single occasion (five or more for men).

blood alcohol concentration

the percentage of alcohol in the blood stream.

callous-unemotional traits

the specifier of “with limited prosocial emotions” is applied to conduct disorder if the individual persistently shows two or more of the following traits – 1) lack of guilt/remorse, 2) callous-lack of empathy, 3) lack of concern about performance, or 4) shallow/deficient affect

cannabis use disorder

a substance use disorder reflecting a problematic pattern of cannabis use within a 12-month period.

coercive interaction cycle

A parent-child dynamic characterized by negative and escalating interactions.

cognitive-behavioral therapy

an evidence-based intervention for substance use disorders focused on changing problematic thoughts, feelings, and behavior that play a role in problematic substance use.

conditioned compensatory response

An opposing physiological response to conditioned drug cues, aimed at offsetting the effects of drugs in order to maintain homeostasis.

conduct disorder

a disruptive behavior disorder involving a pattern of violating social norms or the rights of others.

contingency management

an evidence-based intervention for substance use disorders in which specific target behaviors, such as remaining abstinent, are rewarded.

gambling disorder

a non-substance-related addictive disorder involving problematic gambling behavior over a 12-month period.

heavy drinking

binge drinking on at least five days during the past month.

intoxication

clinically significant psychological, behavioral, and physical effects that follow drug use.

intermittent explosive disorder

an impulse-control disorder in which the individual fails to control aggressive impulses.

kleptomania

an impulse-control disorder in which the individual fails to control impulses to steal unneeded items.

medication-assisted treatment

The combination of medication and psychosocial intervention to treat substance use disorders.

motivational interviewing

an evidence-based intervention for substance use problems in which clients work with therapists to strengthen their commitment to a specific goal, such as remaining abstinent.

nicotine

The primary psychoactive ingredient in cigarettes.

neuroadaptation

changes to the brain that occur, for example, in response to chronic drug exposure.

nucleus accumbens

a nucleus in the brain's basal ganglia, involved in determining the reinforcing value of reward.

opioid use disorder

a substance use disorder reflecting a problematic pattern of opioid use within a 12-month period.

oppositional defiant disorder

A disruptive behavior disorder characterized by problems with behavioral and/or emotional control.

phytocannabinoids

Molecules of the cannabis sativa plant.

psychoactive

substances that influence the brain's normal functioning, impacting the way a person thinks, feels, and behaves.

pyromania

an impulse-control disorder in which the individual purposefully sets fires.

substance use disorders

a class of disorders reflecting the continued use of a substance despite the fact that use is causing problems.

tobacco use disorder

a substance use disorder reflecting a problematic pattern of tobacco use within a 12-month period.

tolerance

Needing to use increasingly more of a drug to feel its effects or less of an effect when continuing to use the same amount of a drug.

withdrawl

clinically significant physical and psychological symptoms when one stops using a drug.

MDD

requires the experience of at least one depressive episode and no history of manic episodes

heterogenous

depression is a ______ disorder- it looks different for different people

depression specifiers

1. anxious distress

2. mixed features

3. melancholic features

4. atypical features

5. peripartum onset

6. psychotic features

7. catatonia

8. seasonal pattern