Ch. 18 and 19 study guide

Metabolism

the combined chemical reactions in cells that use or release energy

Macronutrient

nutrients such as carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins that are needed in large amounts

Carbohydrates

organic compounds held together by chemical bonds used to power cellular processes; consists of CHO in a 1 to 2 to 1 ratio

Monosaccharides

simple sugars that come from honey and fruits that are small enough to be absorbed in the bloodstream

Monosaccharide examples

fructose, galactose, glucose

Disaccharides

double sugars that come from milk sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar, and molasses

Polysaccharides

complex carbohydrates composed of many sugars from plant food and glycogen from meat; starch, cellulose (hemicellulose, pectin, lignin)

Lipids

organic compounds that include fats, oils, phospholipids, and cholesterol that supply energy and build structures such as the cellular membrane

Triglycerides

most common dietary fat that consists of three fatty acids and a glycerol backbone

Cholesterol

lipid that provides structural material for cells and organelles and starts synthesis of sex hormones and hormones produced by adrenal cortex

Lipid sources

found in plant and animal based foods; saturated fats are from meat, eggs, milk, lard, palm oil and coconut oil; unsaturated fats are from seed, nut, and plant oils

What is the healthiest lipid and its source?

monounsaturated fats (have one double bond) such as olive, peanut, and canola oil

Sources of cholesterol

liver, egg yolk, whole milk, butter, cheese, meats (NOT plants)

Lipid use

supply energy, containing twice as much chemical energy as carbohydrates and proteins, form acetyl CoA in beta oxidation to produce energy, fat storage

Thiokinase

group of enzymes that use energy from ATP to activate fatty acids

Ketone bodies

compounds produced from excess acetyl CoA such as acetone, acetoacetic acid, and betahydroxybutyric acid that can be changed back into acetyl CoA or are excreted through lungs and kidneys

Ketoacidosis

accumulation of ketone bodies; commonly occurs in people with diabetes and an imbalance in pH

Linolenic acid

essential fatty acid required to synthesize phospholipids; can be acquired from corn oil, cottonseed oil, and soy oil

Liver

controls the total amount of cholesterol in the body by making cholesterol or making bile to break down the cholesterol

Proteins

macronutrient composed of amino acids that contain nitrogen

Protein use

form new protein molecules such as enzymes, clotting factors, skin/hair keratin, elastin, collagen, plasma proteins to regulate water balance, muscle components actin and myosin, hormones, and antibodies; can also supply energy/make fat

Deamination

breakdown of nitrogenous components of protein that can then be used to form glucose or fat depending on body’s needs

Protein sources

meats seafood, poultry, cheese, nuts, milk, eggs, and cereals; legumes (beans, peas) contain less protein

8 Essential amino acids

TIMLKFWV

2 additional essential amino acids in children

Histidine (H) and arginine (R)

All 20 amino acids

how many amino acids must be present for growth and tissue repair to occur?

Complete proteins

have all essential amino acids ex. Milk, meat, eggs

Incomplete proteins

do not have enough of all essential amino acids ex. Zein in corn, plant proteins; must be combined with other sources to make complete

Nitrogen balance

when the amount of nitrogen taken in equals the amount of nitrogen excreted

Negative nitrogen balance

when nitrogen excreted is greater than nitrogen in diet ex. a person who is starving

Positive nitrogen balance

when more protein is being built into new tissue and less is being used for energy or excreted ex. Pregnant women, growing children, athletes

What types of conditions can affect nitrogen balance?

starvation, child development, pregnancy, and muscle training

10%

percent of a person’s diet that should be protein

60-150 grams

grams of protein most people should consume a day

0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight

how much protein a person should take in grams per kilogram

Extra 30 grams of protein per day

How much protein should a pregnant woman take?

Nutritional edema

condition where a protein deficiency causes a decrease in the level of plasma proteins causing a decrease in colloid osmotic pressure causing fluids to collect in tissue

Carbohydrate deficiency

when this is deficient, metabolic acidosis occurs

Lipid deficiency

when this is deficient, weight loss and skin lesions occur

Protein deficiency

when this is deficient, extreme weight loss, wasting, anemia, and growth retardation occurs

What's a calories

amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a gram of water by 1 degree celsius;

Food calorie

amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a kilogram (1,000 grams) of water by 1 degree celsius aka kilocalore

4.1 calories

amount of calories produced from 1 gram of carbohydrate or protein

9.1 calories

amount of calories produced from 1 gram of fat

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

the rate at which the body uses energy (metabolizes) in basal conditions (when body is awake and at rest); can be tested using thyroid function; energy used for passive body activities

1 calorie per hour

for each kilogram of body weight is required for BMR of adults but varies with sex, body size, body temp, and levels of endocrine gland activity

Males

Who has a higher metabolic rate? Men or women?

Body mass index

weight in kilograms divided by the height in meters squared; measurement of desirable weight

Underweight

having below a desirable body weight; a BMI between 13-18

Normal weight

desirable weight between 19 and 24

Overweight

exceeding desirable weight by 10 to 20%; a BMI between 25 and 30

Obese

exceeding desirable weight by more than 20%; a BMI over 30; excess adipose tissue

Appetite

drive that compels us to seek food

Arcuate nucleus

part of the hypothalamus that controls appetite

Leptin

hormone secreted by adipocytes, suppresses appetite and increases metabolic rate after eating; inhibits neuropeptide y

Insulin

secreted by the pancreas, stimulates adipocytes to uptake glucose, store fat and produce glycogen

Neuropeptide Y

neurotransmitter secreted by the hypothalamus that enhances appetite

Ghrelin

hormone sacred by the stomach that enhances appetite

Adiponectin

protein hormone synthesized in adipose cells that mediates response to insulin and regulates fatty acid catabolism; also has anti-inflammatory effect may help with weight loss

Vitamins ADEK

Fat soluble vitamins (dissolve in fats), associate with lipids, and are influenced by the same factors that affect lipid absorption; heat resistant

B vitamins and vitamin C

water soluble vitamins that are mostly destroyed in cooking and food processes

B vitamins

are essential for cellular metabolism and help oxidize carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins during cellular respiration; all are usually in the same foods but differ chemically and functionally

Thiamine

Vitamin B1; part of a coenzyme called cocarboxylase that oxidizes carbohydrates, destroyed in heat, found in lean meat, liver, eggs, whole grain cereal, leafy green vegetables, legumes

Riboflavin

Vitamin B2; heat stable, found in meats, dairy products, leafy green vegetable, whole grain cereals

Niacin

Vitamin B3, nicotinic acid; heat stable, found in liver, lean meats, peanut butter, legumes

Pantothenic Acid

Vitamin B5; destroyed by heat, acids, and bases, part of coenzyme A, found in meats, whole grain cereals, legumes, milk, fruit, vegetables

Biotin

Vitamin B7; stable in heat, acid, light, destroyed in oxidation and bases; found in liver, egg yolk, nuts, legumes, mushrooms

Folacin

Vitamin B9, folic acid; found in liver, leafy green vegetable, whole grain cereals, legumes

Cyanocobalamin

Vitamin B12; complex cobalt containing compound stable to heat, inactivated by light, regulated by intrinsic factor, stored in liver; found in liver, meats, milk, cheese, eggs

Ascorbic acid

Vitamin C; can be found in plant foods, citrus, and tomatoes

Excess thiamine (B1) causes

vasodilation, cardiac dysrhythmias

Thiamine (B1) deficiency causes

Beriberi (GI disturbance, mental confusion, paralysis), muscular weakness, enlarged heart

dermatitis, blurred vision

Riboflavin (B2) deficiency causes

Flushing, vasodilation, wheezing, liver problems

Excess Niacin (B3) causes

Niacin (B3) deficiency

causes Pellagra, dermatitis, diarrhea, mental disorders

Pantothenic acid (B5) deficiency

causes loss of appetite, mental depression, muscle spasms

Excess vitamin B6

causes numbness, clumsiness, paralysis

Vitamin B6 deficiency

causes convulsions, vomiting, seborrhea lesions

Biotin (B7) deficiency

causes elevated blood cholesterol, nausea, fatigue, anorexia

Folacin (B9) deficiency

causes megaloblastic anemia

Cyanocobalamin (B12) deficiency

causes Pernicious anemia

Excess Ascorbic acid(Vit. C)

causes exacerbated gout and kidney stone formation

Ascorbic acid deficiency

causes scurvy, lowered resistance to infection, and wounds that heal slowly

Major minerals

Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Chlorine, Magnesium (Ca, P, K, S, Cl, Mg) (Can people keep stealing clothing magazines)

Homeostasis mechanisms of minerals

excretion of minerals matches intake of minerals

Trace elements

copper, iodine, cobalt, zinc, fluorine, selenium, chromium (Cu, I, Co, Zn, F, Se, Cr) (can i comb some zebras for some change) make up less than 0.005% of adult body weight

Use of minerals

partake in muscle contraction, nerve impulse conduction, blood coagulation, pH regulation

Malnutrition

poor nutrition that results from a lack of essential nutrients

Starvation

can stay alive 50 to 70 days without food, body digests itself

Marasmus

form of starvation due to lack of calories and protein

Kwashiorkor

protein starvation

Respiration

how an organism acquires energy; exchange of gases between the atmosphere and body cells; breathing

Upper respiratory tract organs

nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx

Lower respiratory tract organs

Bronchial tree, lungs, trachea (BLT)

Pathway of breathing

nose/mouth> pharynx> larynx> trachea> Bronchi> bronchioles> alveoli

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

also known as the mucus membrane, type of tissue that lines the nasal cavity, sinuses, and larger respiratory tubes

Pseudostratified ciliated cuboidal epithelium

epithelium in the finer tubes beginning at the respiratory bronchioles, has thinner mucus lining

Simple squamous epithelium

epithelium present in the alveoli that is associated with a dense network of capillaries; has no mucus

Right and left main (primary) bronchi

directly branch food of trachea

Lobar (secondary) bronchi

part of tree that branches from the main bronchus