Anatomy and Physiology: Skeletal System and Joints

Comprehensive flashcards covering bone classification, cellular components, growth processes, calcium homeostasis, and joint types based on Unit 2 lecture notes.

Functions of the skeletal system

movement, support, protection, blood cell formation e mineral fat storage

Axial skeleton

Skull, rib cage, vertebral column

Appendicular skeleton

Shoulder gridle, pelvic girdle, arm, hand, leg, foot

Short bones

wrist, ankle

Flat bones

sternum, Skull, rib, Shoulder blade

Long bones

arm, leg

Irregular bones

vertebrae, hip, facial bones

Medullary cavity

hallow area within diaphysis has spongy bone, yellow markow, blood vessels, nerves

Central canal

within Osteon; contains blood vessels - nerves

Compact bone

outer layer, smooth e dense. Osteons

Spongy bone

inside layer, Trabeculae

Osteons

Structural unit of compact bone

Trabeculae

Structural unit of spongy bone

Osteogenic cells

Stem cells

Osteoclasts

bone resorption

Osteocytes

found in lacunae; monitor bone matrix

Osteoblasts

bone formation; secreted by osteoblasts

Osteoid

Organic componant of bone matrix

Hydroxyapatite

inorganic componant of bone matrix (ealcium-phosphate balt); hardness

Ossification (osteogenisis)

process of bone cell formation

Interstitial bone growth

bone lengthening, lengthoning of the diaphysis pushes epiphysis away from each other

Appositional bone growth

bone widens + thickens; osteoblasts secreat osteoid on outter diaphysis surface and Osteoclasts resorb bone from inner diaphsis surface

Bone remolding

a continuos balance of osteoblast + osteoclast activity

Wolffs law

bones remodel + strengthen in response to mechanical stress

Calcium importance

$99\%$ of body's calcium is in bone; important to bone structure + physiology

Osteoporosis

Osteoclasts more active osteoblasts

Osteomalacia

thin, soft, weak bones of adults

Rickets

osteomalacia of children (bowed legs)

Hypocalcemia

low blood calcium levels

Hypercalcimia

high blood calcium levels

Calcitrol

Vitamien D

Bone fracture

break in bone

Articulation

what joints are called

Synarthrotic

no movement

Amphairthrotic

Some movement

Diathrotic

freely moveable

Fibrous joints

dense c.T

Cartilaginous joints

cartilage

Synovial joints

joint cavity

Suture

Skull bones, very short callogen fibers

Syndesmoses

distal end of tibiae fibula, between Shafts of radius + ulna

Gomphoses

"peg in socket" ligament holds tooth in socket

Synchondroses

hyaline cartilage, epiphyseal Plate, stemum

Symphyses

fibrocartilage, intervertable joint pubic symphysis

Arthritis

pain inflamation of joint

Tendonitis

inflammation of tendon sheath

Bursitis

inflammation of bursa sheath

Osteoarthritis

"wear & tear" arthrites related to normal aging

Rheumatoid arthritis

autoimmune disease