Chapter 44 + 45 - BSC2011

what is ecology?

study of interactions of living and non living

organismal level

focus on one member of a species

population level

focus on one species in a community

community level

focus on all living species within an ecosystem

ecosystem level

focus on all living and non living within an area

natural boundaries

rivers, moutains, deserts

artificial boundaries

mowed grass, roads, manmade structures

heterospecifics

interactions between members of diff species

abiotic factords

non-living aspects in an ecosystem (water, soil, air, etc)

biogeography

study of geographic distribution of living and abiotic factors

endemic species

species naturally found in one specific area g

generalist species

lives in multiple geographical areas

net primary productivity

estimation of all organic matter available as food

Inorganic nutrients and soil

nitrogen and phosphorus

what is the base of all food webs?

plants (primary producers)b

how many terrestrial biomes ?

eight

what distinguishes terrestrial biomes?

temps and precipitation

what is a population

group of individuals of same species in same area

population size

number of individuals

population density

number of individuals within a specific area

what size population is more stable?

larger

ways to sample populations

quadrat, mark and recapture

quadrat sampling

immobile organisms, count # of animals within quadrat marked

mark and recapture

mobile organism, capture and mark animal, release back to habitat

types of dispersion

uniform, random, clumped

uniform dispersion

equally spaced

random dispersion

randomly distributed with no pattern

clumped dispersion

clustered in groups

how many survivorship curves?

three

type i survivorship curve

backwards C, small # of offspring, high parental care, k-selection

type ii survivorship curve

straight diagonal line, consistent mortality, low parental care

type iii survivorship curve

C shape, high death rate earlier in life, low death rate once reaching adulthood, low parental care. r-selection

Fecundity

potential reproductive capacity of an individual within a population

early repro

more (SMALL) offspring, less parental care, blow it all energy usage

late repro

less (LARGER) offspring, more parental care, could limit how much they can have

Semelparity

reproduce once in organism life

iteroparity

reproduce multiple times in their life

Exponential Growth Model

J shaped, unrealistic unlimited resources (N)

Logistic Growth Rate

S shaped curve, assumes limited resources, still not realistic lol

k selection (kill)

meets carrying capacity, little offspring, more mortality, competition

r selection (type III)

below carrying capacity, many offspring, no parental care

what is a community?

all populations living in the same area

what is community ecology?

the interactions between those different species

how are interactions defined?

whether they harm, help or have no effect on the species involved

predation

good for preds, bad for prey

what are defensive adaptions?

mechanical, chemical, physical, behavioral

mech defenses

mimicry, shells

chemical defenses

poisons and toxins

physical defenses

frog colors to show theyre harmful, color to blend in

herbivory

good for primary consumer, bad for producer

competitve exclusion

two species cannot occupy same nicher

resource partitioning

two species can occupy same niche