Biology 101 Exam 3

Emergent Properties

Characteristics that arise from the interactions and organization of a system's components, which cannot be understood solely by examining individual parts.

Homeostasis

The process of maintaining a stable internal environment in the body despite external changes.

Negative Feedback

A control mechanism that reduces or reverses a change in the internal environment, such as the regulation of glucose in the bloodstream.

Positive Feedback

A control mechanism that amplifies or enhances changes in the internal environment, such as blood clot formation.

Innate Immunity

Type of immunity present at birth, providing an immediate but non-specific response to pathogens.

Adaptive Immunity

Acquired immunity that develops through exposure to specific pathogens and has memory for future responses.

Antigen

A foreign molecule that elicits an adaptive immune response.

Antibody

An immune protein that binds to a specific antigen and helps neutralize it.

Active Immunity

The immunity acquired when the body produces its own antibodies in response to an antigen.

Passive Immunity

The immunity acquired when the body receives pre-made antibodies from another source.

Cytotoxic T-cell

A type of immune cell that kills infected body cells by releasing perforin and enzymes.

Memory B cells

B cells that remain in the body after an infection and recognize the virus in subsequent encounters.

Primary Immune Response

The body's initial response to a specific antigen.

Secondary Immune Response

A faster and stronger adaptive immune response upon re-exposure to a previously recognized antigen.

Spermatogenesis

The process by which sperm cells are produced through mitosis and meiosis in males.

Oogenesis

The development of egg cells in females, beginning before birth and resuming at puberty.

Biological Species Concept

A definition of species based on the ability of individuals to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

Morphological Species Concept

A definition of species based on shared physical characteristics.

Ecological Species Concept

A definition of species based on the unique role individuals play within their ecosystem.

Phenology

The study of periodic biological cycle events and how they are influenced by environmental factors.

Population Ecology

The study of how members of a population interact with their environment and the factors influencing population dynamics.

Population Density

The number of individuals of a species per unit area or volume.

Clumped Dispersion

A pattern of distribution where individuals are grouped in patches, often due to resource availability.

Logistic Growth Model

A model representing population growth that slows as the population approaches its carrying capacity (K).

Exponential Growth Model

A model of population growth demonstrating rapid growth without limitations.

Density Dependent Factors

Factors that influence population size based on the density of the population, such as competition and predation.

Density Independent Factors

Factors that impact population size regardless of the population density, such as natural disasters.