GI

Upper GI bleed is associated with the __, stomach, and duodenum.

esophagus

Common causes of upper GI bleeds include peptic ulcer, esophageal varices __, and Mallory Weiss tear.

rupture

A major issue in GI bleed is __ of circulating blood volume.

loss

Hematochezia refers to __ in stool.

blood

Melena is characterized by __ stool.

black

Loss of __% of blood volume may lead to signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock.

30

Symptoms of upper GI bleed may include __, melena, and syncope.

hematemesis

Fluid replacement for upper GI bleed often involves __ fluids.

crystalloids

Antacids such as H2 blockers should be given __ before or after eating.

a specified time

Gastric lavage may help identify lesions prone to __ in the upper GI tract.

rebleeding

Complications of gastric lavage include __, aspiration, and water intoxication.

perforation

The most common cause of lower GI bleeds is the __.

colon

Signs and symptoms of lower GI bleed can include hematochezia and __ stools.

maroon

In cases of pancreatitis, elevated serum levels of __ and lipase are diagnostic.

amylase

Ranson’s criteria includes monitoring hematocrit fall greater than __%.

10

Acute pancreatitis treatment includes making the patient __ to prevent pancreatic stimulation.

NPO

Lactulose is used in cirrhosis patients to help reduce __ levels.

ammonia

A liver transplant may be considered in end stage liver failure when there is __ alternative.

no

Complications of hepatic failure can include portal hypertension, ascites, and esophageal __.

varices

Hepatitis can be caused by viral infections such as Hepatitis A to E and by __ like alcohol or acetaminophen.

toxins

Diagnostic tests for liver failure may include AST, ALT, and serum __ levels.

bilirubin

The treatment for acute hepatitis B includes __ and supportive care to manage symptoms.

antivirals