functional anatomy exam 3

what are the bones of the shoulder joint?

sternum, clavicle, scapula, humerus

what is the pectoral girdle?

incomplete ring formed by scapulae + clavicles

what is the purpose of the pectoral girdle?

connects bones of upper limb to axial skeleton

how many shoulder joints are there?

4

what are the shoulder joints?

sternoclavicular

acromioclavicular

scapulothoracic

glenohumeral

which shoulder joint is considered a false or functional joint?

scapulothoracic

what is the purpose of the glenoid labrum?

acts as suction cup, increases shoulder glenohumeral stability

what is odd about the coracoacromial ligament?

it connects 2 landmarks together on the same bone. most ligaments connect 2 bones together

what is off about the coracoacromial ligament?

it holds a tendon in place & connects 2 landmarks on the same bone

how many distinct bands does the anterior glenohumeral ligament have?

3

what are the bands of the anterior glenohumeral ligament?

superior, middle, inferior

what plane does glenohumeral joint rotation occur in?

transverse

what motions occur at the scapulothoracic joint?

elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, upward rotation, downward rotation

what are the anterior muscles of the pectoral girdle?

subclavius, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior

what are the posterior muscles of the pectoral girdle?

trapezius, levator scapulae, rhomboid major + minor

what are the anterior muscles that move the humerus?

pectoralis major, deltoid, coracobrachialis, biceps brachii

what are the posterior muscles that move the humerus?

rotator cuff:

-supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapular

latissimus dorsi, teres major, triceps brachii

what muscles make up the “rotator cuff” group?

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapular

what rotator cuff muscles do external rotation?

all but teres minor (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapular)

what rotator cuff muscles does internal rotation?

teres minor

where is the brachial plexus?

stems from cervical spine & extends down the arm

what are the 5 components to the brachial plexus?

roots, trunks, divisions, cords, branches

what is the pneumonic to remember the order of the components for the brachial plexus?

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subclavius

origin: 1st rib & costal cartilage

insertion: inferior surface of middle 1/3 clavicle

action: depress clavicle

nerve innervation: cervical nerves 5-6

pectorialis minor

origin: ribs 3-5

insertion: coracoid process

action: scapular depression & protraction

nerve innervation: medial pectoral nerve

serratus anterior

origin: ribs 1-8

insertion: medial border of scapula

action: scapula protraction upward rotation

nerve innervation: long thoracic nerve

trapezius

origin: occipital bones, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process

insertion: lateral 1/3 of clavicle, spine of scapula

action: neck extension; scapula elevation, retraction, depression

nerve innervation: spinal accessory

levator scapulae

origin: transverse process C1-C4

insertion: medial superior scapula

action: scapular elevation & upward rotation

nerve innervation: dorsal scapular

rhomboid major

origin: spinous process T2-T5

insertion: medial border of scapula

action: scapular retraction & downward rotation

nerve innervation: dorsal scapular

rhomboid minor

origin: spinous process C7-T1

insertion: medial border of scapula

action: scapular retraction & downward rotation

nerve innervation: dorsal scapular

supraspinatus

origin: supraspinous fossa

insertion: greater tubercle

action: glenohumeral abduction to 30 degrees external rotation

nerve innervation: suprascapular

infraspinatus

origin: infraspinous fossa

insertion: greater tubercle

action: glenohumeral external rotation

nerve innervation: suprascapular

teres minor

origin: lateral border of scapula

insertion: greater tubercle

action: glenohumeral external rotation

nerve innervation: axillary

subscapularis

origin: subscapular fossa

insertion: lesser tubercle

action: glenohumeral internal rotation, adduction

nerve innervation: subscapular

pectoralis major

origin:

• clavicular head: medial ½ clavicle

• sternocostal head: sternum + costal clavicle

insertion: intertubercular grooce

action: glenohumeral adduction, flexion, internal rotation, horizontal adduction

nerve innervation: medial + lateral pectoral nerve

coracobrachialis

origin: coracoid process

insertion: medial 1/3 of humerus

action: glenohumeral flexion & adduction

nerve innervation: musculotaneous

biceps brachii

origin:

• short head: coracoid

• long head: supraglenoid tubercle

insertion: radial tuberosity

action:

• glenohumeral: flexion

• elbow: flexion supination

nerve innervation: musculocutaneous

latissimus dorsi

origin: supraspinatous process T7-T12, thoracolumbar fascia

insertion: intertubercular groove

action: glenohumeral extension, adduction, internal rotation

nerve innervation: thoracodorsal

teres major

origin: inferior angle

insertion: interubercular groove

action: glenohumeral extension, adduction, internal rotation

nerve innervation: subscapular

triceps brachii

origin:

• long head: infraglenoid tubercle

• lateral head: posterior humerus superior to radial groove

• medial head: posterior humerus superior to radial groove, inferior to radial groove

insertion: olecranon process

action:

• glenohumeral: extension

• elbow: extension

nerve innervation: radial

anterior deltoid

origin: 1/3 of clavicle

insertion: deltoid tuberosity

action: glenohumeral flexion, internal rotation, horizational adduction

nerve innervation: axillary

middle deltoid

origin: acromion process

insertion: deltoid tuberosity

action: glenohumeral abduction

nerve innervation: axillary

posterior deltoid

origin: spine of scapula

insertion: deltoid tuberosity

action: glenohumeral extension & external rotation

nerve innervation: axillary

how many bones make up the elbow joint?

3

what are the bones of the elbow?

humerus, radius, ulna

what is the trick to remember that the radius is on the thumb side?

radio antena with thumb = radial side

how many elbow joints are there & what are their names?

3- humeroulnar, humeroradial, proximal radioulnar

what ligament resist valgus forces at the elbow?

ulnar collateral ligament

what ligaments resists varus forces at the elbow?

radial collateral ligament

what is unique about the annular ligament?

it surrounds the neck of the radius

what is the purpose of the interosseous membrane?

helps distribute forces from distal radius through the rest of the arm

what plane of motion do pronation and supination occur in?

transverse

what plane of motion does elbow flexion and extension occur in?

sagittal

what are the anterior muscles of the elbow?

• biceps brachii

• brachialis

• brachioradialis

what are the posterior muscles of the elbow?

• triceps brachii

• anconeus

what is the common motion at the elbow that the anterior muscles produce?

flexion

what is common motion at the elbow that the posterior muscles produce?

extension

what is the carrying angle?

angle between humerus & forearm in frontal plane

cubitus varus

angle is smaller than normal range

cubitus valgus

angle larger than normal range

brachioradialis

origin: supracondylar ridge of humerus

insertion: styloid of radius

action: elbow flexion, asst. pronation & supination

nerve innervation: radial

brachialis

origin: anterior lower 1/3 humerus

insertion: coronoid process of ulna

action: elbow flexion

nerve innervation: musculotaneous

pronator teres

origin: coronoid process, medial epicondyle

insertion: middle lateral radius

action: pronation

nerve innervation: median

anconeus

origin: lateral epicondyle

insertion: lateral side of olecranon

action: elbow extension

nerve innervation: radial

how many carpal bones are there in each hand?

8

what carpal bones are in the proximal row?

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

what carpal bones are in the distal row?

trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

what is the pneumonic to remember the order of the carpal bones?

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when using the pneumonic are the bones listed from radial to ulnar or ulnar to radial?

radial to ulnar

what row is listed first— proximal or distal?

proximal

what carpal bone is a sesamoid bone that lies within the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon?

pisiform

why can you see 8 carpal bones on the palmar side, but only 7 on the dorsal side?

pisiform is only seen anteriorly because it lies within flexor carpi ulnaris tendon on palmar side

how many phalangeal (phalanx) bones are there for digit 1?

2

how many phalangeal (phalanx bones) are there for each of the digits 2-5?

3

the metacarpals and phalanges all have 3 landmarks that are the same. what are these landmarks?

base, shaft, head

which carpometalcarpal (CMC) joint is a saddle joint?

1st carpometacarpal

where are the metacarpophalangeal joints located?

between metacarpals + phalanges

the _______________ joint is located between two phalangeal bones

interphalangeal joint

which digits have proximal and distal interphalageal joints?

2-5

where is the radial collateral ligament of the wrist?

connectinf raidus to scaphoid + trapezium

where is the ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist?

connecting ulna to triquetrum

what is the TFCC?

triangular fibrocartilage complex

where is the TFCC located?

distal to ulna

where are the functions of the TFCC?

suspend carpals from ulna, cushion forces through ulnocarpal axis, connect ulna to carpals…

radial deviation

abduction

ulnar deviation

adduction

what plane of motion does thumb (CMC) abduction/adduction occur in?

sagittal

what plane of motion does thumn (CMC) flexion/extension occur in?

frontal

what are the anterior forearm muscles in the superficial layer?

pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum superficialis

where are the anterior forearm muscles in the deep layer?

flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, pronator quadratus

what aer the posterior forearm muscles in the superficial layer?

brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus + brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris

what are the posterior forearm muscles in the deep layer?

supinator, abduction pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus, extensor indicis

what are the muscles of the thenar eminence?

abduction pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis

what are the muscles of the hypothenar eminence?

abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi, opponens digiti minimi

what’s the differences between the flexor digitiorum superficialis and profundus muscles?

superficialis: can only do PIP & MCP flexion

profundus: does DIP flexion

what is the anatomical snuff box?

radial artery, radial styloid process, scapohoid, trapezium

what is the carpal tunnel?

space containing median nerve, FPL, FDP, + FDS

what nerve runs through the carpal tunnel?

median

pronator teres

origin: cornoid process, medial epicodnyle

insertion: middle lateral radius

action: pronation

nerve innervation: median

flexor carpi radialis

origin: medial epicondyle

insertion: base of 2-3 metacarpal

action: wrist flexion radial deviation

nerve innervation: median