UNC Biology 101 Final Exam Study Guide

Characteristics that define all life

order, reproduction, growth and development, response to the environment, energy processing, regulation, evolutionary adaptation

Hierarchy of evolution

-Biosphere

-Ecosystem

-Community

-Population

-Organism

-Organs and organ structures

-Tissue

-Cells

Organelle

-Molecule

Emergent Properties

Properties that arise from the interactions of various components within a system. (Not formerly present when separated)

Quantitative Data

Generally numerical measurements

Qualitative Data

Generally in a form of recorded descriptions

Hypothesis

Proposed explanation for a set of observations

A hypothesis leads to a _______________ that we can _________.

Prediction

Test

Experiment

A scientific test carried out under controlled conditions

A scientific theory differs from a hypothesis how?

Because it is much broader in scope and is supported by a large and usually growing body of evidence.

Isomer

Compounds with the same formula but different structural arrangements

Hydrocarbons

Molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

Functional Group

A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions

4 main classes of molecules that make up life

-Carbohydrates

-Lipids

-Proteins

-Nucleic Acids

Macromolecules

Gigantic molecules made up of thousands of atoms

Macro molecules are formed by joining smaller molecules into chains called ___________.

Polymers

The building blocks of polymers are called__________________.

Monomers

Dehydrated reaction

A reaction that removes a molecule of water as two molecules become bonded together

Hydrolysis

A chemical reaction where a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds

Enzymes

Specialized macromolecules (proteins) that speed up chemical reactions in cells (a catalyst for reactions)

Monosaccharides

The simplest carbohydrate

Disaccharides

A sugar molecule consisting of two monosaccharides linked by a dehydration reaction

Sucrose

Is the most common disaccharide. It is made of a glucose monomer linked to a fructose monomer

Polysaccharide

A carb polymer of many monosaccharides

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Lipids are hydrophobic

Phospholipids are the main component of___________________________.

Cell Membranes

Peptide Bond

The covalent bond between two amino acid units in a polypeptide (dehydration Reaction)

5 unifying themes of biology

-Transformation of energy and matter

-Structure fits function

-Interactions within and between systems

-Flow of information

-Theory of evolution

Hydrophilic

Water loving

Hydrophobic

Water fearing

Building blocks of proteins

Amino Acids

Monomer of carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

Three glucose based polysaccharides

Starch

Glycogen

Cellulose

Function of Starch and

where is it found

Energy storage

Plants

Function of Glycogen and

where is it found

Energy storage

Animal

Function of cellulose and

where is it found

Structural

Plant

Carbs are hydro____________

philic

Fats are hydro______________

phobic

Most animal fats are _____________ (saturated or unsaturated)

Saturated

Most plant fats are _______________ (saturated or unsaturated)

Unsaturated

The main function of fats is

Energy storage

Monomer of *proteins

Amino Acids

When a protein unravels it ________________

Denatures

Covalent bonds between amino acids are called

covalent peptide bonds

Monomer of DNA

Nucleotides

What bond holds two strands of double helix together

Hydrogen bond

Monomer of Proteins

Amino Acids

Monomer of Starch (a carb)

Glucose

Monomer of Fiber (a carb)

Glucose

Monomer of Saturated Fats

glycerol and saturated fatty acids

Monomer of Unsaturated Fats

Glycerol and unsaturated fatty acids

Monomer of Phospholipids

Hydrophilic head + two fatty acids

Monomer of DNA

Nucleotides

Monomer of *Fats

glycerol and fatty acids

Monomer of *Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides

Monomer of *Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides (glucose)

Anime acid + Amino acid =

Dipeptide

How many unique dipeptides can be made? How about tripeptides?

400 unique dipeptides

800 unique tripeptides

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A variation of amino acids in a sequence

What bond hold primary protein structure together?

covalent bonds

what bond hold together secondary and tertiary structures?

Hydrogen bonds

primary protein structure can be denatured through

enzymes breaking covalent bonds

secondary and tertiary structure can be denatured through

Heat and PH levels

Saturated Fats

Straight structure

solid

store energy

Unsaturated fats

curved structure

liquid at lower temperatures

4 groups of macromolecules

Lipids, Proteins, Carbs, Nucleic Acids

Phospholipids are amphiphilic, meaning...

Hydrophilic tail, hydrophobic head

peptide bonds are

Bonds between amino acids

cellular metabolism

All the chemical activities of a cell

chromatin

The complex DNA and proteins that made up eukaryotic chromosomes

The nucleolus

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes

two kinds of cells found in nature

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

All cells have these features in common

-Bound by a plasma membrane

-Filled with cytosol

-All have one or more chromosomes

-Contain Ribosomes

-Inside of both is called cytoplasm

DNA

A cells genetic instructions inside the nucleus

Nuclear envelope

A barrier separating the cells genetic info from the cells cytosol

Protein lined pores of nucleus

how materials enter and exit nucleus

DNA is transcribed into another set of "instructions" called ____________ that directs protein synthesis

mRNA

A cell with a lot of ribosomes tells us that the cell produces a lot of

Proteins and Enzymes

The __________ recieves ________________ _______________ budded from the _______ that contains ________________ synthesized by _______________. The ___________ finished processing the _________ and dispatches

__________ ____________ to the __________ ____________ where the _____________ are secreted.

Golgi

Transport Vesicles

ER

Proteins

Ribosomes

Golgi

Proteins

Transport Vesicles

Plasma membrane

Proteins

Lysosomes

Digest engulfed food or damaged organelles

Mitochondria

Carry out cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells.

Plant and animal cells have them

Photosynthesizing organelles and plants have

Chloroplasts

Chloroplast

responsible for photosynthesis

Cytoskeleton functions

-Provides support and enables you to move

-Provides movement to internal cells via cytoskeleton roads

Diffusion

The tendency for particles of any substance to spread out into the available space

Concentration Gradient

A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a membrane

Tonicity

The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

polar molecules

Have unequal sharing of electrons and dissolve in water

Large amounts of water enter cell through

aquaporins

O2 and CO2 are (polar/non polar) molecules, meaning that they can cross the membrane

non polar

Isotonic

When surrounding a cell causes no net movement of water in and out of the cell

Hypertonic

Causes the cell to take up water

Hypotonic

Causes the cell to lose water

the ideal osmotic environment for an animal cell is an ______________ environment

Isotonic

An animal cell placed in a hypotonic solution will

gain water, swell, and possibly burst

The ideal osmotic environment for a plant cell is a

hypotonic environment

how does glucose enter a cell

transport protein

Molecules move against their concentration gradient through

active transport

Active transport uses ATP, unlike

Diffusion or facilitated diffusion

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material