Unit 3-5 key terms from AP euro prep book

Cardinal Richelieu

helped Louis XIII rule as he was only 9 years old. Defeated huguenots (removed their rights), and brought France into 30 years war

Louis XIV

ruler at age 5. helped by cardinal mazarin. ruled after Mazarin without a minister and had central control. believed in divine right and was an absolute monarch that put France in severe dept. and revoked the edict of nantes

jean Baptiste Colbert

minister to Louis XIV who turned france’s economy around through mercantilism and create an overseas empire for france

five great farms

Import and export tax free areas to encouraged free trade, collected taxes other wars, made by jean baptiste Colbert

French East India company

colbert created it to compete with the dutch

War of Louis XIV

-wars with william of orange of England over

-war of Spanish succession (Louis wanted his grandson to rule)

war of Spanish succession

death of charles II who had no children. louis XIV grandson Phiilip became Phillip V of Spain meaning they won. Archduke of austria a habsburg blood also wanted the throne. hasburg emperor also fighting

Treaty of Utrecht

end of war of Spanish succession. left Louis XIV grandson on the throne but forbade a marriage of France and Spain.

King James VI of Scotland/ James I

Elizabeth I cousin and inheirter of english throne but illsuited because not used to Parliament, very scared of witches, weak foreign policy and wanted to unite England and scotland

Charles I

kept anglican church, similar to father (james I), had bad relationship with Parliament and refused to call them when they didn’t listen to him. at the end of his reign the English revolution occured

petition of rights

a petition put forward by Parliament in 1628 that said the king could not get a loan without Parliament support. it also prohibited people from being imprisoned without publishable cause and using private homes for soldiers without owners permission and using martial law (war law) against citizens

tonnage and poundage (taxes)

charles I only got granted one year meaning he wasn’t given money to support his governing

personal rule of charles

charles I ruling without a Parliament by divine right, forced controversial financial policies and religious unity (led to English civil war)

short Parliament 1640

the three weeks Parliament meet after 11 years not called when charles I asked for a loan to get a military to punish Scotland for revolting but was denied and dissolved immediately

long parliament 1640

the 20 years Parliament met when Parliament impeached charles I main ministers and abolished his royal absolutism and limiting his prerogative (privilege) rights

grand remonstrance

a list of 204 parliamentary grievances from the 11 years Charles I never called upon parliamentary and forced the king to elect ministers the parliamentary approved of and reforming of church of england

English revolution

the outbreak of the First English Civil War, a violent armed conflict between King Charles I (Royalists) and Parliament (Parliamentarians). Triggered by disputes over governing power, divine right, and religious reforms, this struggle aimed to limit the monarch's authority, resulting in the establishment of a republic and ultimately shifting power toward Parliament.

Oliver Cromwell

the leader of the English revolution of 1642 that established a military dictatorship in england.

New model Army

oliver cromwell’s policy of regularly paid disciplined puritan forces dedicated to fighting and defeating the king (successfully defeating him in 1648)

The Commonwealth (1649-1660)

the republic of England that was essentially a military dictatorship under Oliver Cromwell

Independents VS Presbyterians

Independants: wanted a state church but still have religious freedoms

presbyterians: wanted a state church with no religious freedoms

levellers and Diggers

radical groups within his army that called for complete overhaul of English society (letting all men be in the house of Commons)

got stopped by cromwell after they attempted to revolt against him

Charles II

replaced oliver chromwell after England wanted their monarch back. still same issues as before the revolution

James II

Succeeded Charles II. Was suspected of being Catholic and had issues with parliament over the test act

Test Act

bared Catholics from serving as royal officials or in the military passed during Charles II reign and was challenged by James II

Declaration of indulgences

suspended all religious tests for offic holders and allowed freedom of worship. based by James II and illegal. showcased James II attempt to rule absolutely. Indirectly started the glorious revolution because England didn’t listen to his demands

William the stadholder/ William of orange

The husband of Mary II first daughter of James II who was protestant and took over after James II was forced out of office

Glorious Revolution 1688

the second revolution in England. resulted in the bill of rights being established and a constitutional monarchy ruling

Bill of rights

1689- forbade royal prerogative and suspendeded the power to declare illegal laws. free elections without royal interference. parliment approval for all taxation

The act of toleration

1689- act of getting non conformist protestant to support william of orange and give Catholics toleration

The mutiny act

1689 authorized use of civil law to govern the army and make mutiny civil crimes for which soldiers could be punished for during peace. basically put army under parliament control.

the act of union

1707- marked the political reunification of England and Scotland (great britian) passed to prevent Scotland from war with England as an ally to France. Scotland allowed to keep its church and legal system

The act of settlement

1701- prevented Stuart line from occupying English throne. second protestant daughter of James II died without a child. George I was made king (distant relative)

Dutch war of independence

a series of conflicts that led to the separation of the northern provinces of the Low Countries, now known as the Netherlands, from Spanish Habsburg rule.

Bank of amsterdam

Issued its own currency and increased amount of available capitol becoming the banking center of Europe in early 1600s

Dutch East India Company

1602- operated under quasi-govenment and funded by both public and private investment.

Golden Age

In the netherlands during 17 C with high living standards, more evenly distributed wealth. Very tolerant to religious minorities

Joint stock companies

used by the Dutch to sell parts of a corporation. produced much more money and able to buy more capitol due to people buying stocks.

House of Orange

the family leading the revolt against Spain for independence and was primarily a military function. family rose in power after the head of house William became king of england

Jan Vermeer (1632-1675)

Gifted Dutch painter in golden age of art in Netherlands. Initially a painter of historical peaces then changed to scenes of everyday life

Price revolution

The increase of prices due to sharp population growth in the 15C. Can be said to influence political uncertainty

Gentry

The class in England of people with their economic roots in fortunes made in cities and towns and placed role in power struggle in English parliament

enclosure

the mass closing of pasture for personal use rather then public use of the entire community

English poor law

small farmers being reduced to beggers making queen elizabeth make this law to aid the poor.

primogeniture

the first born child often taking responsibility

scholasticism

the medieval belief that scientist was found in ancient authors

Thomas Aquinas

The main scholasticism of the 11 C

alchemy

an ancient, mystical, and philosophical tradition aimed at transmuting base metals (like lead) into gold, discovering the philosopher’s stone, and creating elixirs for immortality.

Ptolemy

the ancient Greek astronomer that placed earth as a stationary object with everything moving around it

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)

a polish mathematician and astronomer that questioned ptolomy’s ideas

Heliocentric

a system saying the planets orbited the sun

Brahe (1546-1601)

tried to come up with a different earth centered theory other then ptolemy’s. said the moon and sun revolved earth but other planets revolved around the sun.

Johannes kepler (1571-1630)

brahes student disagreed with Brahe. used brahe’s data to support copernicus

galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

built on copernicus’s work and designed a telescope that came up with data contradicting with prior notions

Issac Newton (1642-1727)

greated scientific revolution figure. solved the question as to how the planets moved so uniformly and discovered gravity and physics

principia 1687

newtons revolutionary work

Francis bacon (1561-1626)

In government of James I. Attacked medieval scholasticism and instead use nature to find evidence. came up with inductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning/empiricism

the proving of things with only visible evidence and experiments

deductive thought/ rationalism

using reason to go beyond general principles

Cartesian doubt

a method of systematic skepticism introduced by René Descartes, designed to establish solid foundations for knowledge by discarding any belief that can be doubted, even slightly

Pascal (1623-1662)

balancing religion with skeptics and and decided the value of believing was more then not believing and believed in total sinfulness of mankind

Pascals Wager

because reason cannot prove God’s existence, it is more rational to believe in God and live a pious life than to not believe

Thomas Hobbes

English philosopher and political theorist who is considered a founder of modern political philosophy. also supported absolutism

William Harvey (1578-1657)

William Harvey was an English physician who made influential contributions to anatomy and physiology due to his use of dissections and founding of circulation

Leviathan

classic work by Thomas Hobbes that states life without government was “nasty, brutish, and short”

John Locke (1632-1704)

English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of the Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "father of liberalism"

Social contract

idea of John Locke stating government must give people their inalienable rights “life, liberty, and property” and if they don’t the people have the right to rebel

tabula rasa

"blank slate" or "scraped tablet," referring to the philosophical concept that individuals are born without built-in mental content made by John Locke

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

german enlightenment figure, against empirical and emphasized hidden layers of knowledge findable through reason- inspired romantics

philosophes

18th-century French Enlightenment thinkers, intellectuals, and public writers who championed human reason, scientific inquiry, and social reform

Voltaire (1694-1778)

foundational French Enlightenment philosopher, writer, and satirist whose relentless advocacy for civil liberties, religious tolerance, and free speech reshaped European thought. His legacy is defined by challenging religious dogma and injustice, utilizing sharp wit to promote reason, science, and the separation of church and state

deist

a person who believes in the existence of a creator God based on reason and nature, rather than religious revelation, scriptures, or miracles

Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)

Wrote Spirit of the Laws-inspired by political structure in great Britain-wrote of separations of power and checks and balances- political conservative (no republics) wanted restricted monarch

Spirit of Laws

Baron de Montesquieu discusses the principles of political philosophy and governance. concept of separation of powers, highlights the importance of laws being shaped by the social and cultural contexts, emphasizing that various forms of government are suitable for different societies.

Encyclopedie

written by a community of scholars as a organized pamphlet of enlightenment ideas showcasing the treatment of philosophy as a science

Rousseau

most radical of the philosophes and championed emotion over reason and direct democracy and reforming the community to work together

The social contract (1762)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, where he argues that legitimate political authority comes from a social contract agreed upon by the governed. Rousseau emphasizes collective decision-making, the general will, and the importance of freedom and equality among individuals in shaping governmental legitimacy

General Will

idea of Rousseau defining a collectively held will aimed strictly at the common good

Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794)

worked in law and crimes in the enlightenment and aimed at stopping tradition punishment like torture. figure of humanitarianism and better treatment of animals.

On crimes and Punishment (1764)

Cesare Beccaria’s work during the enlightenment

Jurisprudence

the theory or philosophy of law

David Hume

scottish- developed the atheist ideas and cast a complete doubt on religion and the miracles at the heart of the christian religion.

Inquiry into Human Nature

written by David Hume about the doubt of religion and idea of atheism

Edward Gibbon (1737-1794)

Scottish EN author interested in the history of the Romans and criticising of Christianity due to it contributing to the empires fall

Adam Smith (1723-1790)

scottish enlightenment author- argued against mercantilism and supported laissez-faire economics and a self regulating system

Laissez-Faire

translating to “leave alone”- meant to have economics not controlled by the government to promote self regulating by the invisible hand and to allow individuals to pursue gain unrestrictedly

invisible hand

a metaphor for how individuals pursuing their own self-interest in a free market unintentionally promote the general benefit of society

Marquise de Pompadour

a salon organizer in the enlightenment times where major ideas where spread. showcases women’s involvement in EN.

Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)

English-The first enlightenment thinkers to be a woman and openly publish works advocating for voting rights and ability to hold political office.

Samuel RIchardson (1689-1761)

English writer known for his contributions to the development of the novel and his pioneering epistolary form, particularly through works like 'Pamela' and 'Clarissa', which explore themes of virtue and morality.

Daniel Defoe

prolific English writer, journalist, and spy, widely recognized as a founder of the English novel he pioneered realistic fiction, often writing in a detailed, first-person narrative style that made fiction appear as authentic autobiography

Frederick William (r. 1640-1688) “great elector”

first ruler to create power in prussia. Worked with the upperclass to get money in exchange for them controlling serfdom. Created a strong army as a result

King Frederick I (r. 1688-1713)

Made prussia into a kingdom in 1701 following his dads reign (Frederick William)

Frederick the Great (r. 1740-1786)

Example of enlightened absolutist. established intellectual center and spent time with voltaire. Freed royal serfs but let Junkers keep their serfs to keep economic support. End of capitol punishment except for jews

Maria Theresa (r. 1740-1780)

Enlightened absolutist-rational reforms (compulsory education, tax reforms, and abolition of torture) designed to modernize the state, improve her subjects' lives, and strengthen her authority. Ruler of habsburg monarch and only women to hold power in her own right. had 16 children- Joseph II and Marie antoinette

Joseph II (r.1765-1790)

Emperor of HRE but ruler of Austria (not enough authority to implement changes anywhere else in HRE) . implemented top-down reforms centered on administrative centralization, religious tolerance, and social equality, aiming to maximize state efficiency and the welfare of his subjects

War of Austrian succession (1740-1748)

issue between Austria and prussia because Charles VI didn’t have a male Heir and wanted his daughter to rule (Marie Theresa) through his Pragmatic sanction. after he died France and prussia went to war with her to take her throne (successfully took Silesia a rich city). She won because the Hungarian nobility helped in exchange for independence.

Russia,Sweden,Denmark,Austria, Britain VS France, Prussia, Spain

Pragmatic Sanction

created by Charles Vi and pushed by him to be accepted by the European nations as it gave all habsburg land to one ruler and granted the right of a female heir to rule the throne of Austria if no male was present.

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1748

end of war of austrian succession- gave Austria to Marie theresa and the HRE to her husband Francis I