NU140 Patho Study Flashcards #2

Etiology

Exact cause of a disease

Pathogenesis

Development of a disease from beginning until symptoms appear

Morbidity

Rate of disease or illness in a population

Mortality

Rate of death in a population

Primary Prevention

Prevent disease before it occurs (handwashing, vaccines)

Secondary Prevention

Early detection through screening (mammograms, blood pressure checks)

Tertiary Prevention

Reduce complications and improve function after disease occurs (rehab, physical therapy)

Signs

Objective findings that can be observed (fever, rash)

Symptoms

Subjective findings reported by the patient (pain, nausea)

Homeostasis

Maintaining internal balance within the body

Atrophy

Decrease in cell size

Hypertrophy

Increase in cell size

Hyperplasia

Increase in cell number

Metaplasia

Reversible change from one mature cell type to another

Dysplasia

Abnormal cell growth that may progress to cancer

Apoptosis

Programmed, normal cell death

Necrosis

Cell death caused by injury or disease

First Line of Defense

Skin and mucous membranes

Second Line of Defense

Inflammatory response

Third Line of Defense

Immune response

Four Classic Signs of Inflammation

Redness (erythema), warmth, swelling (edema), pain

Acute Inflammation

Sudden response to injury; neutrophils are elevated

Chronic Inflammation

Long-lasting inflammation; monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes are elevated

Innate Immunity

Immunity present at birth

Adaptive Immunity

Immunity developed after exposure to pathogens or vaccines

Active Artificial Immunity

Immunity produced after vaccination

Passive Natural Immunity

Antibodies passed from mother to baby through placenta or breast milk

First-Degree Burn

Superficial burn; red, painful, affects epidermis only

Second-Degree Burn

Partial-thickness burn; blisters, moist appearance, very painful

Third-Degree Burn

Full-thickness burn; leathery appearance, eschar present, little or no pain

Rule of Nines

Method used to estimate percentage of body surface burned

Crohn Disease

Can occur anywhere in GI tract; characterized by skip lesions

Ulcerative Colitis

Begins in rectum and progresses continuously through colon

Crohn vs Ulcerative Colitis

Crohn = skip lesions anywhere in GI tract; UC = continuous lesions in colon

Acromegaly

Excess growth hormone after growth plates close; enlarged hands, feet, facial features

Cardiac Hypertrophy

Enlargement of heart muscle due to increased workload

Cervical Dysplasia

Abnormal cervical cell growth often linked to HPV; detected with Pap smear

Nosocomial Infection

Infection acquired in a healthcare setting

Iatrogenic Disease

Condition caused by medical treatment or procedure

Acute Infection Lab Finding

Elevated neutrophils

Chronic Infection Lab Finding

Elevated monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes