Genetics

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Last updated 11:25 PM on 6/15/26
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31 Terms

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What is a gene?
A section of DNA that contains instructions for a specific trait or protein.
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What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid; the molecule that carries genetic information.
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Where are chromosomes found?
In the nucleus of a cell.
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How many chromosomes do humans normally have?
46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
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What is a dominant allele?
An allele that is expressed even when only one copy is present.
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What is a recessive allele?
An allele that is only expressed when two copies are present.
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What is a genotype?
The genetic makeup or allele combination of an organism.
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What is a phenotype?
The observable characteristics of an organism.
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What is a mutation?
A change in the DNA sequence.
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What is inheritance?
The passing of genetic information from parents to offspring.
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What is homozygous?
Having two identical alleles for a gene (e.g. TT or tt).
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What is heterozygous?
Having two different alleles for a gene (e.g. Tt).
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What is a Punnett square?
A diagram used to predict the possible offspring from a genetic cross.
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What is natural selection?
The process where individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
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What is selective breeding?
Humans choosing organisms with desirable traits to reproduce.
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Why is genetic variation important?
It increases a population's ability to adapt to environmental changes.
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What is genetic engineering?
The direct modification of an organism's DNA.
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What is the phenotype of Tt if T is dominant for tallness?
Tall.
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What are the possible genotypes from Tt × Tt?
TT, Tt, tt.
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Why are sons more likely to inherit colour blindness?
The gene is carried on the X chromosome, and males only have one X chromosome.
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How can mutations affect an organism?
They can be beneficial, harmful, or have no effect.
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What is the probability of a blue-eyed child from Bb × bb?
50%.
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What is a carrier?
A person who has one recessive allele for a disorder but does not show the disorder.
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How are DNA, genes, and chromosomes related?
Genes are sections of DNA, and DNA is packaged into chromosomes.
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What percentage of offspring from Pp × Pp will have white flowers?
25%.
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Why do identical twins have similar characteristics?
They have nearly identical DNA.
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What is one advantage of genetic engineering?
It can improve crops or treat diseases.
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What is one disadvantage of genetic engineering?
It may have ethical or environmental concerns.
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How does meiosis increase genetic variation?
Through crossing over and independent assortment of chromosomes.
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Why might a harmful allele remain in a population?
Carriers may survive and pass it on.
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How do genotype, phenotype, and environment interact?
Genotype provides the genetic information, while the environment can influence the phenotype.