DNA replication to Meiosis Keywords

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Last updated 4:25 AM on 5/18/26
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14 Terms

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DNA replication

How new DNA is made to make new chromosomes for new cells for growth and repair.

<p>How new DNA is made to make new chromosomes for new cells for growth and repair.</p>
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Semi-conservative replication

New DNA made by replication has half of it original (old) DNA and half of it new DNA made from free nucleotides in the nucleus.

<p>New DNA made by replication has half of it original (old) DNA and half of it new DNA made from free nucleotides in the nucleus.</p>
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Nucleotide

Structure making up DNA - 1 base (A,C,T,G) joined to 1 sugar and 1 phosphate.

DNA is made of lots of these joined together

<p>Structure making up DNA - 1 base (A,C,T,G) joined to 1 sugar and 1 phosphate.</p><p>DNA is made of lots of these joined together</p>
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Mitosis

Cell division that makes new cells.

This happens in the somatic cells only.

It makes 2 new (daughter) cells that are genetically identical to the original cell.

<p>Cell division that makes new cells.</p><p>This happens in the somatic cells only.</p><p>It makes 2 new (daughter) cells that are genetically identical to the original cell.</p>
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Somatic cell

A type of cell.

These are all cells in the body except the gamete cells (e.g. sperm, egg).

They have the full chromosome number in their nucleus, e.g.46 single chromosomes in humans.

<p>A type of cell.</p><p>These are all cells in the body except the gamete cells (e.g. sperm, egg).</p><p>They have the full chromosome number in their nucleus, e.g.46 single chromosomes in humans.</p>
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Equator

Middle part of the cell where the chromosomes line up during cell division.

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Spindle fibre

Fibres (strings) that form during cell division.

They help to pull the chromosomes apart when lining up on the equator. They pull them to ends of cell (poles).

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Meiosis

Cell division that happens to make new gamete cells.

This makes new cells such as sperm and eggs.

Makes cells with half the number of chromosomes (e.g. 23 single in humans). Cells made all genetically different.

<p>Cell division that happens to make new gamete cells.</p><p>This makes new cells such as sperm and eggs.</p><p>Makes cells with half the number of chromosomes (e.g. 23 single in humans). Cells made all genetically different.</p>
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Gamete (gametic cell)

Name given to sex cells such as sperm or eggs in animals.

Used to make new living thing in sexual reproduction.

<p>Name given to sex cells such as sperm or eggs in animals.</p><p>Used to make new living thing in sexual reproduction.</p>
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Sexual reproduction

Reproduction where 2 parent cells (gametes- sperm and egg) are needed. They join together (fuse) in fertilisation to make a zygote. This type of reproduction produces variation in living things.

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Independent assortment

Step that happens during MEIOSIS.

Chromosome pairs line up randomly on the equator.

Means different combinations of chromosomes can end up in final gamete cells made.

<p>Step that happens during MEIOSIS.</p><p>Chromosome pairs line up randomly on the equator.</p><p>Means different combinations of chromosomes can end up in final gamete cells made.</p>
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Crossing over/recombination

Another step in MEIOSIS.

Ends of chromosomes overlap when the chromosome pairs line up on equator.

Mean sometimes get swapping of pieces of chromosomes (and genes) from one chromosome to another next to it.

<p>Another step in MEIOSIS.</p><p>Ends of chromosomes overlap when the chromosome pairs line up on equator.</p><p>Mean sometimes get swapping of pieces of chromosomes (and genes) from one chromosome to another next to it.</p>
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Genetic variation

Difference in the genes of living things.

Living things are slightly genetically different when made by sexual reproduction. This helps to increase chances of survival in living things.

<p>Difference in the genes of living things.</p><p>Living things are slightly genetically different when made by sexual reproduction. This helps to increase chances of survival in living things.</p>
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