Walker First Global Age

3 ships that sailed to Americas

Nina, Pina, Santa Maria

Taino/Arawak

Natives in the Bahamas (Hispanola) that Columbus reached

Natives in the Bahamas that Columbus reached

Taino/Arawak

San Salvador

The “Holy Savior” Island in the Bahamas that Columbus landed at.

The “Holy Savior” Island in the Bahamas that Columbus landed at.

San Salvador

Land that is controlled by another nation.

Colony

First Portuguese explorer to reach Brazil

Pedro Álvares Cabral

Italian explorer for Portugal that claimed that South America was not Asia, but a new world. Reached the east coast of South America

Amerigo Vespucci

Spanish explorer and first crew to circumnavigate the world. Explored Guam, killed in the Philippines by Lapu Lapu.

Ferdinand Magellan

Filipino hero that killed Ferdinand Magellan.

Lapu Lapu

Spanish explorers that colonized the Americas

Conquistadors

Hernando Cortes

Spaniard that landed in Mexico and conquered the Aztec empire. Montezuma gave Cortes silver and gold to flex, but Cortes wanted more, so he burned his own ships so that his men couldn’t leave, deciding to conquer the Aztecs. He formed alliances with neighboring tribes with the help for La Malinche, kidnapped/killed Montezuma, got driven out of Tenochtitlan during the Night of Sorrows, and conquered the Aztecs.

Spaniard that landed in Mexico and conquered the Aztec empire.

Hernando Cortes

Spanish explorer that traveled through Panama and became the first European to see the Pacific ocean.

Vasco Núñez de Balboa

La Malinche

Mistress and translator for Cortes. Most controversial Mexican figure. Half of Mexico believes that she’s a heroine, the other half thinks she’s a harlor. Helped Cortes forge an alliance with neighboring tribes and contributed to the conquering of the Aztecs.

Mistress and translater for Cortes. Most controversial Mexican figure

La Malinche

Francisco Pizzaro

Conquistador that conquered the Incan Empire. Sets up Atahualpa by making him throw the Bible, causing Europe to give him approval for what he does next. He then kidnaps Atahualpa and demands a gold ransom. After the Incas pay, he kills Atahualpa and conquers the Incan Empire.

Conquistador that conquered the Incan Empire.

Francisco Pizzaro

Circumnavigate

Sail around the world

Where is new Spain?

Mexico and Guatemala

Encomienda

System of labor where natives worked for Spanish landlords

System of labor where natives worked for Spanish landlords

Encomienda

Spanish explorer that reached Florida

Juan Ponce de León

Spanish explorer that explored Arizona and Kansas

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado

Spanish Governor of New Mexico. Led settlers to North of the Rio Grande. Formed Santa Fe.

Pedro de Peralta

Dominican Monk that advocated against ecomienda

Bartolomé de Las Casas

Caribbean island that suppressed Columbus’ colonization

St Croix

Pueblo ruler that rebelled against Spanish. Drove Spanish back to New Spain

Pope

Cartography

The study of map making

Astrolabe

Sailing tool to determine the latitude. Pointed at north cross/southern star on a string

Sailing tool to determine the latitude. Pointed at north cross/southern star on a string

Astrolabe

How to find the longitude?

Compare the differences between the clock on Greenwich on the clock on the Ship.

Caravel

Ship that combines square and triangle sails.

Latine

Triangle sails that were good at control and changing directions

Triangle sails that were good at control and changing directions

Latine

Ship that combines square and triangle sails.

Caravel

Square sails were good at ____
Triangle sails were good at ____

Power, Control and changing directions

Portuguese prince that founded, a sailing school (school of navigation) in Sagres, Portugal

Prince Henry

Portuguese explorer. First to round the Cape of Good Hope

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer that rounded the Cape of Good Hope and established a settlement in Goa, India.

Vasco da Gama

Cave dwellers that lived in the Caribbeans

Ciboney

Cacigue

Chief of the Taino tribe

Chief of the Taino tribe. A Taino Chief

Cacigue

Purging Stick

Religious practice where you shove the stick down your throat, vomit, and pass it around.

Taino Idols that contained spirits

Zemi

Explain the 3 tier crop system

A layered system of farming in the Carribean
1) Conuco (soil) with root crops
2) Veggies
3) Fruits

Carib

Venezuelan tribes that went to the Caribbean and killed men, impregnated women, and ate babies.

Line of demarcation

Line that said Spain could claim land west of the line and Portugal could claim land east of the line. Part of the Treaty of Torodellas

Treaty of Torodellas

Treaty created by the pope to ease tensions between Spain and Portugal

Night of Sorrows

Spanish people drowned while running away from Aztecs because they were carrying so much gold. Many died, but the Spanish managed to capture Montazuma.

How did Montazuma die, and list 3 reasons Cortez was able to defeat the Aztecs

Got pushed off a building/killed by a mob. Disease, superior weapons, help from neighboring tribes

Biggest cash crop

Sugarcane

Hacienda

Spanish plantation

Encomienda

System that demanded labor quotas from Native Americans and owned the laborer’s work.

System that demanded labor quotas from Native Americans and owned the laborer’s work.

Encomienda

List the Hierarchy in New Spain (terms and definition)

1) Peninsulares (people born in spain)
2) Creoles (White/Spanish, but born in New Spain)
3) Mestizo (People that were ½ Spanish, ½ native) and Mulattoes (People that were ½ Spanish, ½ African)
4) Africans and Natives
5) Slaves

Spanish cities were in ____

Grids

First valuable export in Brazil. Can be crushed to make a dye

Basilwood

Capoeira

A dancing fighting style in Brazil that was disguised as dancing. Created when natives learned to fight by disguising it as dancing.

A dancing fighting style in Brazil that was disguised as dancing. Created when natives learned to fight by disguising it as dancing.

Capoeira

Italian that discovered New York Harbor in trying to find the northwest passage

Giovani de Verouzzano

Northwest Passage

A passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific ocean

Canadian explorer that discovered Montreal in trying to find the northwest passage

Jacques Cartier

French explorer that claimed all of Quebec for France

Samuel de Champlain

Center of New France

Quebec

Explorer that claimed the Mississippi (Louisiana) for France while trying to find the northwest passage

La Salle

France’s goals with its colonies
- Include France’s main $ making industry
England’s goals with its colonies

Wanted wealth and resources, didn’t want to settle. Fur industry.

Wanted to farm and wanted to settle.

French Explorers that discovered the north Mississippi river in trying to find the northwest passage.

Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet

DEFINE:
Roanoke
Jamestown

First failed English colony in Virginia
Second attempted colony called by King James in Virginia. First permanent English Colony

Did Jamestown initially fail OR succeed, why, and what did they come across?

Failed due to famine/no food, came across Uppuwac (tobacco)

Pilgrims

Religious dissenter that didn’t want to be with Church of England. Tried to go to Netherlands but failed so went from Plymoth to Provincetown on the Mayflower. Later went from Provincetown to Plymoth.

Mayflower Compact

A governing document for the Pilgrims

Puritans

Settled and founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony with strict rules.

Who bought Manhattan from the Natives?
Who bought Manhattan from them?
What did he rename it to? What was it named originally?

The Dutch, Duke of York, New York, New Amsterdam

Function:
New England, Middle colony, Southern Colony

For religion/religious people, for the English as a colony, for making money from farming

Letter of Marque

Letter that made it legal for one to be a pirate

DEFINITION:
Pirate and privateer

A person who engages in acts of piracy on their own without government permission.
A pirate hired by the government for war. Given a letter of Marque.

French and Indian war
Definition, Who was it fought between, Caused by what, Climax, Outcome

The part of the 7 years war that was fought in the US and Canada. Fought between French and Indians VS England. Caused by the English expanding into French territory. Battle of Quebec. English victory.

Battle of Quebec
Treaty of Paris

Climax/turning point of the French and Indian war that resulted in a British victory.
Treaty that ended the French and Indian war and caused France to leave North America

Metacomet (King Philip)

Native king that attacked English villages in Massachusetts. Started the King Philips war.

Atlantic Slave Trade

The buying and selling of Africans into slavery in the Americas

Congo King that denounced slavery and wrote a letter protesting to the King of Portugal

Affonso/King Nzinga Mbemba

Triangle trade: Definition and Explain it.

Transatlantic trading network. Europe sells manufactured goods (guns and rum) in exchange for slaves. Slaves get transported to the Americas. Slaves produce raw materials (tobacco, molasses, sugar) and they get transported to Europe to produce manufactured goods.

Middle passage

Voyage that brought African slaves to the Americas. Part of triangular trade.

Stono Rebellion

Failed slave revolt in South Carolina. Fought with local militia.

Before slaves were transported to the Americas, they were stored/held in ____ in Africa. The exit points in these structures were called ____

Castles, the door of no return

Two types of packing when transporting slaves

Tight packing: More slaves on a ship. Quantity (more slaves) over quality (healthy slaves) to make a profit
Loose packing: Less slaves on a ship. Quality (healthy slaves) over quantity (more slaves) to make a profit.

The Zong affair (summary and impact)

Captain of the British ship Zong threw sick slaves overboard for insurance money and claimed it was to save water. Insurance company sued the captain for insurance fraud, and the company won. Cause people to question slavery.

Olaudah Equiano

Benin slave in Virginia that freed himself. His master allowed him to be educated, got payed for working jobs for other people. Bought himself from his master.

Dutch colony that was a “dutch wedge” separating the English colony

New Netherland

Colombian Exchange (definition + what each side gave)

The global transfer of foods, plants, animals and diseases during the colonization of America's. The Americas gave corn, potatoes, and tomatoes. The Europeans gave livestock animals, sugar cane, grains, and diseases (smallpox and measles).

Commercial Revolution

An increase in trade and business in Europe caused by wealth from the Americas and overseas trade

An increase in trade and business in Europe caused by wealth from the Americas and overseas trade

Commercial revolution

Capitalism

Economic System based on private owners and investments

Joint stock company

Corporation of people pooling their wealth for a common purpose. Helped fund Jamestown

Mercantilism (Definition, 2 ways, Goal)

Theory that a country’s power depended on its wealth. Believed that a country could increase wealth/power by getting gold/silver or having a favorable balance of trade by selling more (export) more than they buy (import). Goal is to become self sufficient

Capital
Entrepreneur
Tariff
Inflation

Money spend in an investment for a profit
A person that takes risks with money
Tax on imports to decrease the amount of imports/achieve a favorable balance of trade.
A rise in prices caused by a greater supply of money.

Putting out system

System that separated capital and labor to bypass guilds where each person does 1 step of the manufacturing process.

Powhatan rebellion

Native American revolt on Jamestown.

New Laws of the Indies (Definition, Impact, Person who helped pressure the creation of it)

Law that banned Encomienda. Caused Europe to import Africans to the Americas instead. Bartolomé de Las Casas