Veterinary Clinical Procedures and Anatomy Flashcards

Flashcards covering veterinary anatomy, physiology, and clinical laboratory procedures, including the urogenital, digestive, and musculoskeletal systems, as well as radiology and urinalysis.

Cloaca

A common shared opening for both the urogenital and digestive tracts found in reptiles, amphibians, birds, and fish.

Renes (Nefros)

The kidneys, which are bean-shaped organs in the abdominal cavity that filter waste from the blood and produce urine.

Ureters

Two tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Cystis (Vesica Urinaria)

The bladder, which serves as a storage organ for urine until it is excreted from the body.

Urethra

The tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body; it is short and wide in females but long and narrow in males.

Erythrocytes (Erytrocyten)

Red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen ($O_2$) and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$); in mammals, these cells lack a nucleus.

Thrombocytes (Trombocyten)

Blood platelets, which are small anucleated pieces of megakaryocytes from the bone marrow that facilitate blood clotting.

Leukocytes (Leukocyten)

White blood cells that play a primary role in the body's immune defense response.

Hematopoiesis (Hematopoëse)

The process of blood cell formation from stem cells in the red bone marrow.

Hemoglobin

The red pigment in erythrocytes containing iron atoms that bind with oxygen and carbon dioxide for transport.

Bilirubin

A yellow-colored substance produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin, which is then processed by the liver into bile.

Blood Serum

The fluid remaining after blood has clotted, which differs from plasma because it lacks clotting proteins.

Milt (Spleen)

The largest lymphoid organ, located on the left side of the abdominal cavity, which stores healthy red blood cells and filters out damaged ones.

Vasoconstriction

The narrowing of blood vessels in the skin to limit heat loss when an animal is cold.

Vasodilation

The widening of blood vessels in the skin to release heat when the body temperature is high.

Fibrin

A protein network formed during blood clotting that catches blood cells and platelets to seal a wound.

Peristalsis

Successive muscular movements (alternating contraction of circular and longitudinal muscles) that push food through the digestive tract.

Omenta

Also known as vetschorten (fat aprons), these parts of the mesentery hang in the abdominal cavity and store excess fat.

Pylorus

The stomach exit that opens to release digested food into the small intestine.

Villi (Darmvlokken)

Small protrusions in the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for maximum nutrient absorption.

Eubacteriose

A state where the groups of bacteria in the intestinal flora are in balance.

Duodenum

The first part of the small intestine (twaalfvingerige darm) where pancreatic juices and bile are added.

Hepar (Liver)

A large organ on the right side of the abdominal cavity that filters blood from the intestines via the portal vein.

Agonist

The muscle or muscle group primarily responsible for a specific movement.

Antagonist

A muscle that performs the opposite action of the agonist and is required to stretch a muscle back after it has contracted.

Tendon (Pees)

A strong, tough band of connective tissue that connects a muscle to a bone.

Bursae (Slijmbeurzen)

Fluid-filled sacs that act as cushions between bones, tendons, and muscles to reduce friction during movement.

Epiphysial Plate (Groeischijf)

A cartilage layer in the metaphysis of growing bones responsible for longitudinal growth.

Dolichocephalic (Dolichcefaal)

A long and narrow skull shape with an inconspicuous 'stop,' typical of breeds like the Barzoi or Saluki.

Brachycephalic (Brachycefaal)

A short-muzzled, broad skull shape with a round head, typical of breeds like the Pug or French Bulldog.

Atlas

The first cervical vertebra, which allows for 'yes-nodding' movements of the head.

Axis (Draaier)

The second cervical vertebra, which facilitates 'no-shaking' or rotating movements of the head.

Scapula

The shoulder blade, a flat, pear-shaped bone found in the forehand.

Synovia

A viscous fluid in the joint cavity that acts as a lubricant for smooth movement.

Kilovolt (kV)

An X-ray setting measuring the voltage difference that determines the penetrating power or 'hardness' of the radiation.

Milliampère-second (mAs)

An X-ray setting that determines the total quantity of radiation produced.

Scattering (Strooistraling)

X-ray radiation that kaatsen (bounces) off the patient in different directions, posing a risk to the veterinary staff.

Transducer

A device in echography that emits ultrasonic sound waves and captures their reflections to create an image.

Specific Gravity (Soortelijk Gewicht)

A physical measurement of urine density indicating the concentration of dissolved substances.

Hematocrit (Ht)

The ratio of erythrocyte volume to total blood volume, often used to diagnose anemia or polycytemia.