PSY 101 Final Exam (first 2 exams)

The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it

may be unrepresentative of what is generally true

surgically removing most of an entire hemisphere of the brain is called

a hemispherectomy

in one study, as compared with children whose families received small cash transfers, children whose families received large cash transfers showed __ brain activity in regions involved with __

more; language, thinking, and social understanding

when a mean is reported on a TV broadcast, it is most important for the audience to

consider whether it is distorted by a few extreme cases

an inert substance that may be administered instead of a drug to see if it produces any of the same effects as the drug is called a

placebo

for which of these distributions of scores would the median most clearly be a more appropriate measure of central tendency that the mean

10, 22, 8, 9, 6

myelin, which is laid down up to about age 25, enables better neural efficiency, judgement, and

self-control

Mike is planning a birthday party for his friend. This behavior is regulated by his __ lobe.

frontal

Kriti, a graduate student, is assessing children as they interact in a kindergarten classroom. Kriti is studying their behavior without interrupting them or trying to influence them. This is referred to as

naturalistic observation

before an action potential, positively charged sodium ions are found in the fluid

outside an axon’s membrane

the scientific attitude requires an open-minded humility because it involves a willingness to

recognize the errors in our own ideas

Ceylan is pregnant. Her friend claims to be able to predict the baby’s sex and birth date. To test this claim, Ceylan should use

empirical approach

James Olds and Peter Milner located reward centers in the brain structure known as the

hypothalamus

Gazzaniga (2006) concluded that the brain often runs on autopilot, acting first and then explaining our actions later. These explanations derive from

the action of the left hemisphere

One central issue in debates about the use of animals in research concerns the

ethics of placing the well-being of humans above that of animals

all those in a group being studied, from which random samples may be drawn, make up the

population

the differing complementary views of the same phenomenon that together give us a more complete understanding of that phenomenon represent different

levels of analysis

a case study is a research method in which

a single individual or group is studied in great depth

hypothesis

testable prediction that gives direction to research

psychologists’ personal values and goals

can bias their observations and interpretations

differences between two samples averages are most likely to be statistically significant if

the difference between the samples is large

The specialist most likely to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders is a

psychiatrist

the __ uses infrared light that shines onto blood molecules to identify brain activity

fNIRS

Nubia, who was recently diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, has experienced increasing difficulties with muscle control and cognition. Their symptoms are most likely related to the degeneration of

the myelin sheath

anneliese is attending a class lecture. They listen for the main ideas and sub-ideas of the lecture and write them down. They also ask questions both during and after class. Anneliese is

processing information actively

Critical thinking is one of the key principles that was taught in chapter 1

true

according to piaget, which concept refers to our ability to adapt our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new new information

accommodation

most children who have had to cope with adversity develop

resilience

which of the following is not a characteristic of a child with secure attachment

seem not to notice or care about their mother’s departure or return

Object permanence occurs at what age

6 months

The fovea is located __

on the retina

piaget is best known for his interest in the process of __ development

cognitive

getting food when hungry or having a painful headache go away are examples of

primary reinforcers

according to Vygotsky, talking to themselves helps children control their behavior and emotions and

learn and be adept at new skills

an area in the right temporal lobe that enables those with vision to detect faces is known as

fusiform face area

some combination of place theory and frequency theory appears to be most necessary in accounting for how we sense __ sound waves

intermediate-frequency

In the experiment, the monkey preferred the object that was warm and resembled a mother even more than the object that provided food

true

during late adolescence people show a(n) __ in agreeableness and emotional stability

decrease

when mia visits her grandparents, she notices that the white sheets hanging on the line outside to dry appear to have the same level of brightness, regardless of the time of day Mia sees them. This is related to

brightness constancy

how many taste receptors are present in each taste bud pore

50 - 100

negative punishment

removing a desired stimulus after a particular undesired behavior is exhibited, making behavior less likely to happen in the future

positive punishment

presenting a negative consequence after undesired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior less likely to happen in the future

positive reinforcement

increases behavior by presenting a positive reinforcer

negative reinforcement

increases behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli

common age where detailed memory begins

4

Shaping

operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers are used to guide actions closer and closer to a desired behavior

a critical period is a length of time early during which

exposure to certain experiences is needed for proper development

in which stage of erikson’s stages of psychosocial development do individuals either discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or feel a lack of purpose

generativity vs stagnation

permissive parenting

parents are unrestraining. they make few demands, set few limits, and use little punishment

neglectful parenting

parents are uninvolved, they are neither demanding nor responsive. These careless and inattentive parents do not seek a close relationship with their children

authoritative parenting

parents are confronting, they are demanding and responsive, they exert control by setting rules but, especially with other children, encourage open discussion and allow exceptions

authoritarian parenting

parents are coercive, they impose rules and expect obedience

Lawrence Kohlberg is best known for

moral development

recognizing the smell of a burning log is an example of

perception

after experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that when lighting flashes nearby, a crack of thunder will follow. this best illustrates

classical conditioning

sensorimotor age

birth to 2

competence age

8-10

post-conventional age

14+

formal operational age

12-14+

Erikson’s stage theory

psychosocial development

kohlberg

moral development

piaget

cognitive development

webner’s law

to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage, rather than a constant amount

The social disconnection that often occurs during adolescence increases the risk of depressive and anxiety symptoms and

substance use disorder

Vestibular sense

sense of body movement and position, including sense of balance

kinesthesia

system for sensing position and movement of individual body parts, also interacts with vision

concrete operational milestone

conservation and mathematical transformation

sensorimotor milestone

object permanence and stranger anxiety

formal operational milestone

abstract logic and potential for moral reasoning

preoperational milestone

pretend play and egocentrism