Protest and social movements final

Plessy v. Ferguson

• established the “separate but equal” doctrine, providing legal cover for Jim Crow segregation

• Legalized Separation but Equal

Brown v. Board of Education

• overturned Plessy, ruling that “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal”

• declared school segregation unconstitutional

Emma Lazarus

• wrote “the new colossus” (give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free)

• promoted the idea of America as a refugee

Chinese Exclusion Act

• the first significant law restricting immigration into the US, driven by racial “yellow peril” fears

• targeted Chinese laborers

Ota Benga

• a Congolese man (Mbuti) who was “exhibited” in the Bronx zoo in 1906 — a horrific example of scientific racism

• extreme racism and dehumanization

manifest destiny

• belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable

• belief that the US was destined to expand westward

• led to the displacement of native Americans

Englands Magna Carta

• established the idea that no one — not even the king — is above the law

• influenced Americans ideas about rights and government limits

Memphis Tennessee Garrison

• coal miner’s daughter who became a power NAACP organizer and educator in West Virginia

Ida B. Wells-Barnett

• Journalist and activist who led an anti-lynching crusade in the United States

• Investigated and exposed lynching in the US and advocated federal anti-lynching laws

Booker T. Washington

• advocated gradual progress and vocational education (founded Tuskegee University)

• accepted segregation temporarily

• advocated for economic self-reliance and vocational training (the “Atlanta compromise”)

W.E.B Dubois

• cofounder of the NAACP; advocated for full political and social rights immediately (the “talented tenth”)

• demanded immediate equality and higher education (wanted desegregation)

Marcus Garvey

• promoted black pride and economic independence

• founded the UNIA; promoted Pan-Africanism and the “back to Africa” movement (advocated for segregation)

Rosa Parks

• is famous for her pivotal role in the civil rights movement, specifically for refusing to give up her seat on the bus

• started the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Malcom X

• advocated self defense and black empowerment

• prominent leader in the Nation of Islam who advocated for black empowerment, self defense, and racial separation

Carter G. Woodson

• the “father of Black history” who launched Negro History Week (now Black history month)

Billie Holiday

• her song “strange fruit” was one of the first and most haunting “protest songs” against lynching

A. Phillip Randolph

• organized black workers

• planned march on Washington (1941)

• he founded the brotherhood of sleeping car porters (BSCP), the first successful black labor union

• pressured Truman to desegregate the military

President Harry Truman

• desegregated the military and banning of racial discrimination in federal employment

Bayard Rustin

• key organizer of 1963 march on Washington (main strategist)

• an American political activist and prominent leader in social moments for civil rights, socialism, nonviolence, and gay rights

Satyagraha

• the philosophy of nonviolent resistance that heavily influenced Dr. King and the SNCC

• means “truth force” or nonviolent protest

• influenced US civil rights leaders

Mohandas Ghandi

• leader of India’s independence movement against British rule

• developed nonviolent resistance (Satyagraha)

• influenced Dr. King and the march on Washington

Student nonviolent coordinating committee (SNCC)

• was a pivotal, student led organization formed in April 1960 to coordinate nonviolent, direct action protest against segregation

• organized sit ins at segregated lunch counters, freedom riders, voter registration drives in the south