Unit 4 AP Psych Social Psych

Person perception

Forming impressions of others based on appearance, behavior, and context

Attribution theory

Explains how we assign causes to behavior (internal vs external)

Fundamental attribution error

Overestimating personality and underestimating situation for others’ behavior

Actor-observer bias

Attributing our behavior to situations but others’ behavior to personality

Prejudice

Unjustified negative attitude toward a group

Implicit prejudice

Unconscious negative attitudes

Explicit prejudice

Conscious, openly expressed attitudes

Stereotype

Generalized belief about a group

Discrimination

Acting on prejudice

Just-world phenomenon

Belief that people get what they deserve

Social identity

Sense of self based on group membership

Ingroup

Group you belong to (“us”)

Outgroup

Group you don’t belong to (“them”)

Ingroup bias

Favoring your own group

Scapegoat theory

Blaming another group for your problems

Other-race effect

Better recognition of faces from your own race

Attitudes

Feelings and beliefs that influence behavior

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Getting agreement to a small request increases chances of agreeing to a larger one

Role

Set of expectations about a social position

Cognitive dissonance theory

Discomfort from conflicting thoughts leads to attitude change

Persuasion

Process of changing attitudes

Central route persuasion

Using logic and evidence to persuade

Peripheral route persuasion

Using emotional cues or attractiveness instead of logic

Norms

Rules for expected behavior in a group

Conformity

Adjusting behavior to match group

Asch’s conformity experiments

Showed people conform even when group is clearly wrong

Normative social influence

Conforming to gain approval or avoid rejection

Informational social influence

Conforming because you think others are correct

Stanley Milgram’s obedience experiment

Showed people obey authority even when harming others

Obedience

Following orders from authority

Social facilitation

Performing better on simple tasks when others are present

Social loafing

Putting in less effort when working in a group

Deindividuation

Loss of self-awareness in groups leading to impulsive behavior

Group polarization

Group discussions strengthen initial opinions

Groupthink

Desire for harmony leads to poor decision-making

Culture

Shared beliefs, behaviors, and values of a group

Tight culture

Strict norms, low tolerance for deviance

Loose culture

Flexible norms, high tolerance for deviance

Aggression

Behavior intended to harm others

Frustration-aggression principle

Frustration leads to aggression

Social script

Learned expectations for behavior in situations

Mere exposure effect

Repeated exposure increases liking

Passionate love

Intense emotional and physical attraction

Companionate love

Deep affectionate attachment

Equity

Fair balance of give-and-take in relationships

Self-disclosure

Revealing personal information to build intimacy

Altruism

Helping others without expecting reward

Bystander effect

Less likely to help when others are present

Social exchange theory

Helping based on cost-benefit analysis

Reciprocity norm

Expectation to return favors

Social-responsibility norm

Helping those in need

Conflict

Perceived incompatibility of goals

Social trap

Situation where pursuing self-interest harms everyone

Mirror-image perceptions

Seeing opponent as evil and oneself as good

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Belief that leads to its own fulfillment

Superordinate goals

Shared goals that require cooperation

GRIT

Growth, respect, identity, and trust to reduce conflict