Maternal Nutrition

What nutrients are needed fort he prevention of neural tube defects (NTDs)?

Folate/folic acid

Daily folate intake during pregnancy must be?

0.4mg/400mcg

Food sources of folate

• 500mcg: liver; chicken, turkey, goose

• 200mcg: lamb, beef, veal

• 100mcg:

  • cooked legumes, peas, beans, lentils

  • Veggies: asparagus, cooked spinach

  • Papaya

  • Breakfast cereal

  • Wheat germ

• 50mcg:

  • Veggies: broccoli, beans, greens, raw spinach

  • Fruits 9avocado, orange/orange juice)
    Pasta

  • Rice

• 20mcg:

  • Bread, egg, corn

General knowledge of weight management during pregnancy

• Woman must achieve a weight gain within normal range for her height

• Use bMI

• Maternal & fetal risks exist when the woman is under/overweight PRIOR!!!!!! to pregnancy

• Risks also exist when weight is too low/high DURING pregnancy

Total weight gain required for underweight pregnant women? (<18 BMI)

28-40 LB

Weight that the normal & underweight woman must gain during their 1st trimester? 2nd and 3rd?

• 2-4 lbs

• 1lb weekly

Weight that the OVERWEIGHT woman must gain during their 2nd & 3rd trimester

• 0.6 lbs weekly

Weight that the OBESE woman must gain during their 2nd & 3rd trimester?

0.5 lbs

Total weight gain required for NORMAL weighed pregnant women? (BMI 18.5-24.9)

25-35 LBS

Total weight gain required for OVERWEIGHT weighed pregnant women? (BMI: 25-29.9)

15-25 LBS

Total weight gain required for OBESE weighed pregnant women? (BMI: >30)

11-20 LBS

Nutrient needs DURING pregnancy

• Macronutrients: protein, fat, carbs

• Micronutrients:

  • fat-soluble vitamins (ADEK)

  • water-soluble vitamins (folate, pyridine/B6, B12, C)

  • Minerals: iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc, choline

Calcium sources for women who do not drink milk?

• Fish: sardines, salmon

• Beans & legumes: dried, refried, baked beans and Tofu

• Greens: collards, kales, turnip greens

• Baked goods: cornbread, muffins, french toast, waffles

• Fruits: dried figs, orange juice w/ calcium

• Sauces: pesto & cheese sauce

Vegetarian dietary accommodations when pregnant

Vegetables, fruits, legumes, nuts, seeds, and grains

• Lacto-vegetarian diet: milk products

• Lacto-ovo-vegetarians: eggs and dairy products + plant products

• Vegetarians who consume eggs and dairy products are unlikely to experience health effects during preganncy

• Strict vegeterarians/vegans who only consume plant products ; likely to be deficient in iron, zinc, vitamins D, E and B12, choline, calcium, and essential fatty acids

• Gluten-free diets: deficient in folate, thiamine, niacin, riboflavin, and iron

TABLE 15.3..