Exam III

1962 Kefauver-Harris Amendment

drugs must be proven effective, not just safe

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy

allow chemists to identify substances by their functional groups based on specific light absorption patterns.

Chirality (Handedness)

molecule is chiral if its mirror image cannot be superimposed upon it. This property is crucial in medicine and biology, as different "hands" (enantiomers) of a molecule can have vastly different biological effects.

Mixture Classification

Mixtures are classified by particle size

Solutions

have the smallest particles (transparent)

Colloids

have intermediate particles (show the Tyndall Effect)

Suspensions

have the largest particles (will settle over time).

Sweetness Triangle

a specific geometric arrangement of a hydrogen bond donor, an acceptor, and a hydrophobic site to interact with tongue receptors.

Enzyme

biological catalysts that lower the activation energy by providing an alternate pathway

nucleotides

The building blocks of RNA and DNA(Base + Sugar + Phosphate)

The codon system

triplets of mRNA bases that code for specific amino acids

Functional Group

A specific group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for its characteristic chemical reactions (identified via IR).

Photochemistry

The branch of chemistry concerned with the chemical effects of light

Tyndall Effect

The scattering of visible light by colloidal particles.

How many amino acids are there?

20

How do the amino acids differ?

They differ through their side chains (R)

Template strand

A → T

U → A

C → G

G → C

What is the difference between RNA and DNA

RNA contains ribose sugar and uracil instead of thymine, while DNA contains deoxyribose sugar and thymine.

What does adenine always bond to (and vice versa)?

Thymine (because they both have a hydrogen bond of 2)

What does cytosine always bond to (and vice versa)

guanine (Because they both have a hydrogen bond of 3)

How to determine the mRNA sequence

Use the chart that lines up with the code: ex: Leu is CUU

DNA Template strand

Determine the mRNA Sequence Then translate:

A → T

U → A

C → G

G → C

DNA Coding strand

Replace the u(s) in the mRNA Sequence with T(s)

The krebiozen case

Krebiozen was marketed as a cancer treatment. However, due to regulations at the time, there was no proof that it did what it said it did. Hayden used paper chromatography to identify the substance

Paper Chromatography

A technique used to separate the components of a mixture based on their different rates of movement across a sheet of paper.

Infrared Spectroscopy

Measures absorption of infrared radiation by molecules, providing information about their functional groups and molecular structure.

What was the secret ingredient in Krebiozen?

Creatine and horse $emen

Kefauver-Harris Agreement (1962)

Law that mandates drugs prove safety and efficacy before approval.

Who was the first Black Person to earn PhD in chem from the University of California, Berkeley

Lloyd Noel Ferguson

Lloyd Ferguson points

He was the one who would make things in his parent’s backyard

who was Marie Maynard daly’s advisor

Dr. Lettia Caldwell

Marie Maynard Daly impact on future scientists

Founded scholarships

The first black woman to earn her phd in chemistry

Marie Maynard Daly

What was Marie Maynard Daly’s PhD thesis

Her thesis examined the relationship between cholesterol and hypertension in relation to cardiovascular health. She also researched how enzymes break down amino acids

Who specialized in latex products and colloids (Polymer chemistry)

Bettye Washington Greene

Who won the Bronze medal in the 1936 Olympics 400 meter dash

James (Jimmy) Luvalle

Who was friends with Nobel Prize winner Glenn Seaborg and Linus Pauling

James LuValle

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD at Caltech?

James Luvallewas the first African American to earn a PhD in chemistry at the California Institute of Technology in 1940.

Who worked at Kodak and moved photochemistry forward?

James LuValle was a prominent chemist who contributed significantly to photochemistry during his tenure at Kodak.

Who sold the products they made in the backyard?

Lloyd Ferguson

Who was the first African American to obtain a PhD in chemistry from UC Berkeley

Lloyd Ferguson

Who struggled to find a job post grad due to their race?

Lloyd Ferguson

Who studied the chemistry of taste

Lloyd Ferguson

Who was the author of over 50 journal articles

Lloyd Ferguson

What is a chemical requirement for a central carbon atom to be Chiral

It must be bonded to four different groups or atoms.

What is the size order of particles

Suspensions > Colloids > Solutions

What photochemical reaction was a focus of James LuValle’s industrial career

The reduction of silver ions in black and white photography

What was Marie Maynard Daly cited for in James Watson’s Nobel Prize address

Her discovery of how purine and pyrimidine bases were synthesized and distributed

Monosaccharides

are the simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules such as glucose and fructose.

what does every one of the 20 amino acids have

an amino group (-NH2) and a Carboxl Group (-COOH)

What is the result of a condensation reaction between two amino acids

A peptide bond that links the amino acids together and releases water.

What is the monomer for Protein

Amino acids, which are linked by peptide bonds.

Nucleic acids monomers

nucleotides

Polysaccharides monomers

monosaccharides

How to identify a steroid

It will have four fused carbon rings in its structure.

What is the main chain of a nucleic acid?

sugars and phosphate groups

The blue color of the sky is due to

Rayleigh scattering

Which component of a nucleotide is responsible for the acidic nature of DNA and RNA

The phosphate group

How did paper chromatography assist in the krebiozen case

It helped separate the different components of krebiozen for analysis.

What is the primary role of mRNA in the cell

To message the genetic instructions from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis

What does the sequence of amino acids determine

the structure and function of a protein.

Polymer

High molecular weight compounds built from long chains of smaller repeating molecules (monomers)

monosaccharide

a simple sugar that chains together and cannot be hydrolized into smaller sugars.