Exam 1: Labs 1-7

BIOL 2101 - Paul Drummond - HCCS

What is the universal anatomical positioning of a body in order to eliminate directional confusion?

Standing straight up with arms by side with head, feet, and palms facing forward.

In relation to the body, in which direction is anterior/ventral?

Towards the front of the body.

In relation to the body, in which direction is posterior/dorsal?

Towards the back of the body.

In relation to the body, in which direction is superior?

Towards the head - celling.

In relation to the body, in which direction is inferior/cadual?

Towards the feet - ground.

In relation to the body, in which direction is proximal?

Towards the trunk/base of the body.

In relation to the body, in which direction is distal?

Away from the trunk/base of the body.

In relation to the body, in which direction is superficial?

Towards the surface/outer layer of the body.

In relation to the body, in which direction is deep?

Towards the core/center of the body.

In relation to the body, in which direction is ipsilateral?

On the same side of the body.

In relation to the body, in which direction is contralateral?

On opposite sides of the body.

In relation to the body, in which direction is bilateral?

On both sides of the body.

In relation to the body, in which direction is medial?

Towards the midline of the body.

In relation to the body, in which direction is lateral?

Away from the midline of the body.

In relation to the body, in which direction is intermediate?

Between two structures.

What are the the 3 main human anatomical planes?

1. Transverse

2. Frontal/coronal

3. Saggital/lateral

What is divided in a transverse plane?

The superior and inferior parts of the body.

What is divided in a frontal/coronal plane?

The anterior and posterior parts of the body.

What is divided in a saggital/lateral plane?

The left and right parts of the body.

What are the 3 main cut kinds in anatomical diagrams?

1. Cross sections

2. Oblique sections

3. Longitudinal sections

What direction is a cross section cut when the ‘tube’ is on it’s side?

Straight down.

What direction is a oblique section cut when the ‘tube’ is on it’s side?

Diagonally down.

What direction is a longitudinal cut when the ‘tube’ is on it’s side?

Sideways.

What are the two types of body cavities?

1. Dorsal/posterior

2. Ventral/anterior

How many dorsal cavities are there? What are they?

Two, the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity.

How many ventral cavities are there? What are they?

Two, the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.

What two subcavities are in the thoracic cavity?

Pleural and peracardial cavities.

What is the middle section of the thoracic cavity called?

The mediastinum.

What two sub-cavtities are in the abdominopelvic cavity?

Abdominal and pelvic cavities.

What are the kinds serous membranes in the thoracic cavity called?

1. Pleura - both visceral and parietal

2. Pericardium - both visceral and parietal

What are the organs lined by the visceral pleura?

The left and right lung lobes.

What are the organs lined by the visceral pericardium?

The heart.

What are the kinds serous membranes in the abdominopelvic cavity called?

Peritoneum - both visceral and parietal.

What are the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants? In order left to right.

Right upper, left upper, right lower, and left lower.

What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions? In order left to right.

Right hypochondriac, epigiastic, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right inguinal, hypogiastic, left inguinal.

What are the 11 organ systems?

1. Integumentray

2. Muscular

3. Skeletal

4. Nervous

5. Cardiovascular

6. Digestive

7. Respiratory

8. Urinary

9. Reproductive

10. Endocrine

11. Lymphatic

What is the function of the integumentary organ system?

For protection, thermoregulation, and vitamin D synthesis.

What are the components of the integumentary organ system?

Skin, hair, nails, and cutaneous glands like sebaceous and appocrine.

What is the function of the skeletal organ system?

Support, protection of organs, movement, and blood cell production.

What are the main components of the skeletal organ system?

Bones and ligaments.

What is the function of the muscular system?

Movement and heat regulation.

What are the components of the muscular organ system?

Skeletal muscles and tendons.

What is the function of the nervous organ sytsem?

Rapid internal communication and stimulation, coordination, sensation.

What are the components of the nervous organ system?

Brain, spinal cord, nerves.

What is the function of the endocrine organ system?

Horomone production, long-term internal regulation of chemicals (homeostasis).

What are the components of the endocrine organ system?

Pituitary, tyroid, parathyroid, and adrenal glands, and pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, thymus gland.

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

Transports gases, nutrients, and wastes.

What are the components of the cardiovascular organ system?

The heart, arteries, and veins.

What is the function of the lymphatic organ system?

Produces and houses immune cells and returns tissue fluids in blood.

What are the components of the lymphatic organ system?

Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, and lymphatic vessels.

What is the function of the respiratory organ system?

Gas exchange between air and blood.

What are the components of the respiratory organ system?

Nasal cavity, lungs, trachea, bronchi, pharynx, and the larynx.

What is the function of the digestive organ system?

To breakdown food, absorb the nutrients from food, eliminate bodily waste.

What are the components of the digestive organ system?

Mouth, tounge, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines.

What is the function of the urinary organ system?

Eliminate waste and blood regulation like pH and BP.

What are the components of the urinary organ system?

Kidney, left and right urterers, bladder, urethra.

What are the two kinds of reproductive systems?

Female and male.

What is the function of the female reproductive system?

Egg production and fetal development.

What is the function of the male reproductive system?

Sperm production.

What are the components of the male reproductive organ system?

Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina.

What are the components of the male reproductive organ system?

Scrotum, testes, penis, and urethra.

CHECK LABELING OF ORGAN SYSTEMS KNOWT

Who invented the microscope?

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek.

What kind of image do microscopes produce?

Virtual - bigger, flipped, and upside down.

What are the four objective lenses?

1. Scanning

2. Low-power

3. High-power

4. Oil immersion

What is a dry lens?

Only needs air between the lens and the slide.

What is a fixed lens?

A lens that doesn’t touch the slide.

What is an adjustable lens?

A lens that may touch the slide.

What are examples of fixed lenses?

Scanning and low-power.

What are examples of adjustable lenses?

High-power and oil immersion.

What is the magnification of each kind of lens?

1. Scanning = 4x

2. Low-power = 10x

3. High-power = 40x

4. Oil immersion = 100x

What is the total magnification calculated by?

Ocular lens X objective lens.

What is the condenser in a microscope?

The lends beneath the stage that when adjusted its height it concentrates light to the specimen and away.

What is the aperture in a microscope?

Usually controlled, measures lens ability to gather light.

CHECK MICOSCOPE LABELING KNOWT

What is the plasma membrane made up of?

Phospholipid bilayer.

What is found in the plasma membrane?

• Proteins - transport

• Cholesterol

• Glycolipids and glycoproteins

• Cytoplasm vs extracellular fluid

What is cholesterol in the plasma membrane for?

Stablizing of fluid dynamics and stiffens the cell membrane.

What are glycolipids and glycoproteins in the plasma membrane for?

Attached to carbohydrate chains to form a sugary coating called glycocalyx used for cell recognition and protection.

What is the cytoplasm?

The insides of the cell containing the organelles and the cytosol.

What is extracellular fluid?

The fluid of the enviornment that the cell is in.

What is the plasma membrane?

A boundry that protects and separates the outside from the inside of the cell.

What are the three main functions of the plasma membrane?

1. Provides a physcial barrier to protect the inside of the cell

2. Controls what enters and exits the cell

3. Anchors and links one cell to another

What is cytoplasm?

All the substances between the cell membrane and the nucleus.

What is cytoplasm made up of?

The cytosol and organelles.

What is the cytosol?

The jelly-like substance that holds the organelles in place.

What is another name for cytosol?

Intracellular fluid.

What does cytosol contain?

Water, nutrients, ions, waste, etc.

What is a centrosome and centroles? Where are they located?

Organelles with no membrane that move chromosomes during cell division, there are two centroles at right angles close to the nucleus.

What is a cilium (cilia - plural) and what do they look like?

An organelle with no membrane that moves materials over cell surfaces (some are sensors) that look hair-like and come out of the plasma membrane.

What is a microvillus (microvilli - plural) and what do they look like?

An organelle without a membrane that increases the surface area on the plasma membrane to maximize absorbance of nutrients/extracellular materials that are little finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane.

What are peroxisomes and what do they contain?

An organelle with a membrane that contains degradative enzymes to neutralize toxins and catabolize fats/other organic molecules.

What are ribosomes and where are they found?

Organelles without a membrane that is attached to the RER and scattered in cytoplasm.

What are lysosomes and what do they contain?

Oraganelles with a membrane that contain digestive enzymes which removes damaged organelles or pathogens inside the cell.

What is the golgi apparatus?

An organelle with a membrane that stores, alters, and packages secretory products and lysosomal enzymes.

What is the mitochondrium (mitochondria - plural) and what do they contain?

Organelles with a double membrane that has inner folds containing metabolic enzymes and produces 95% of the ATP (energy molecule) that the cell needs for power - powerhouse of cell.

What is the two types of endoplasmic reticulums?

Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulums.

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Makes/synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates.

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Modifies newly packed proteins and packages them.

What are cell extensions?

Microvilli, cillia, and flagella.