UIowa Diversity of Form & Function Final Exam

Primary producers

Autotrophs- source of food for other organisms

At poles light is ____

Spread out, goes through more atmosphere

At high altitudes air is ______, holds less _______, and is _______

less dense, water, cooler

When do northern and southern hemispheres tilts towards sun

Northern- April to Sept

Southern- Spet-April

For warm air, as temperature ______, moisture ________

cools, precipitates

tropical forests- warm and wet

Cool and dry air displaced by _______ _______ ____

Rising moist air

sinks: subtropical deserts- warm and dry

Wind rotation is ________ at equator than at poles

faster

_______ _________ move ocean currents

prevailing winds

Ocean currents can _______ high latitudes and _______ low latitudes

warm, cool

land near oceans sees _______ temps

milder

________ ________ can produce rain shadows

Mountain ranges

__________ are specialized traits that allow an organism to survive otherwise unfavorable conditions

adaptations

Example of adaptation to specific climate

Alaskan frog- can be 65% frozen but ice is in intracellular spaces

Ways that species are able adapt behavior

hibernation in winter, aestivation in summer

burrow into protected habitat- slow metabolism

migration to favorable conditions

what are biomes

regional land area defined by climate and geography (terrestrial)

ecologically similar organisms

Types of biomes

tropical rain forests, deserts, temperate hardwood woodlands, temperate grasslands, chaparral, temperate evergreen forests, taiga and tundra

Tropical rain forests

warm and wet

high productivity and high diversity

Deserts- hot or cold

dry

water limits productivity

temperate hardwood woodlands

seasonal variation in temp, wet

high productivity

temperate grasslands

drier than woodlands

taiga and tundra

cold

limited precipitation

chaparral

hot and dry summers

cool and wet winters

Tallgrass praire is a ______

grassland

Oceans are ________, marine species are _____

continuous, not

Life zones defined by __________

illiumination

-shallow, intermediate, deep

Estuaries

where saltwater and freshwater meet

Biogeography

geographic distribution of species

-climate, evolutionary history, range

Barriers to dispersal

topographical- mountain ranges and rivers/lakes

oceans/continents

As ancestral species moved apart following continental drift they _______ __________, different _________ __________, species ________

mutated independently, selection pressures, diverged

Populations

interacting group of members in a species

most species have ________ geographical distribution

limited

-defined as range

Exceptions to range

dolphins- live in all oceans

devil's hole pupfish

Endemic

species limited to a defined location, not found outside of specific location

Cosmopolitan

species that are distributed widely

Clumped dispersion

being together is beneficial

environment not uniform

Regular dispersion

equal distances between individuals- being together is harmful

Random dispersion

proximity not important

How long an individual ____ and how many _______ it produces is highly dependent on _______

lives, offspring, environment (food, weathers, predators)

Type 1 survivorship curve

most individuals survive to reproduction

-few offspring, long lives

-ex: humans

Type 2 survivorship curve

constant risk of mortality at all ages

-ex: most birds

Type 3 survivorship curve

most die as juveniles

-many offspring, low parental care

-ex: mollusks and insects

Organisms partition time and energy into

growth

maintenance

reproduction

r=b-d

rate of population growth=rate of births - rate of deaths

_________ growth can occur for very short time periods

exponential

When does exponential growth end

when something needed becomes limited

-food, nesting sites, shelter

Carrying capacity (K)

As population size reaches K, growth rate slows- logistic growth curve

r strategists: ______ rates of reproduction, ______ range of habitats, _______ offspring, ________ parental investment, population size __________

high, broad, many, limited, fluctuates

K strategists: population steady near ____, _______ range, ______ parental investment, _____ lives

K, narrow, high, long

Biotic factors

Density dependent- reduce populations based on density

-large populations attract predators

-dense populations pass disease faster

Abiotic factors

Density independent- reduce populations regardless of density

-natural disasters

Mosaics of populations

no species uniformly distributed- patchy

Metapopulation

provide new individuals if particular patch dies off

requires corridors- physical connections b/t patches

Can islands have corridors

not possible- populations are isolated

Antagonistic

one benefits, one harmed

Mutualism

both benefit

Competition

neither benefit

Commensalism

one benefits, other unaffected

Amensalism

one harmed, other unaffected

Niche is the set of _______ and _________ conditions a species needs for _______, ________, and __________

physical, biological, survival, growth, reproduction

Two species can't permanently ________ if their niches are _________

coexist, identical

Coevolution is when interactions over time result in _______ for traits in one species that ______ outcome in interaction

selection, improve

Characteristics of predators

fast, strong, sharp claws, teeth

Characteristics of prey

big eyes and ears

high reproduction rate

cryptic coloration

If predators are _____ efficient, both predators and prey will go ______

too, extinct

Aposematism

bright coloration can warm predator of toxic prey

Batesian mimicry

harmless species mimics appearance of toxic species

Mullerian mimicry

both species are toxic

Macroparasites

can live inside or outside host

-"worms"

-fleas, ticks, and lice

-parasitic wasps

-some plants

Hosts evolve ______, parasites _______

defenses, coevolve

Competition is ______, eventually one becomes ______ ________

unstable, locally extinct

Interference competition

one species interferes with access to resource

Exploitation competition

one species is more effective in using resource- can lead to resource allocation

Number of species in an ecological community is determined by ________ _______

available energy

Primary producers convert _______ into ________ _________

sunlight, chemical energy

autotrophs, consumed by heterotrophs

Gross primary production (GFP)

amount of stored chemical energy from photosynthesis

Not all of _______ is available to consumers

GFP

________ trophic levels = ______ individuals

higher, fewer

About ____% of energy at one trophic level is transferred to the next

10

Energy losses due to

heat

availability

digestibility

Ecological efficiency

energy needed for metabolism after energy loss

Each trophic level has _____ reproduction rate, _____ population size, and ______ body size

lower, smaller, larger

Most communities support _______ tropic levels, limited by ______ ______ at each transfer

3-5, energy loss

Most of forest's primary producer biomass is ____ _________- supports _______ consumers

not digestible, fewer

Amount of ______ available limits ________

energy, productivity

_______ water = _______ productivity = _______ diversity

more, higher, high

At very _____ productivity levels, diversity _________

high, declines

Trophic cascades

interaction of one consumer with other species - indirect effects on many other species

Yellowstone part example

No wolves = high elk population = overgrazing = streambank tree populations decreased from overgrazing = high erosion rates

_____ _______ and _______ play same roles in trophic cascases

sea otters, elk

Diversity varies with

distance from equator

Alpha diversity

within a community

single community can be more or less diverse

Beta diversity

between two communities

multiple communities can have same or different diversity

Gamma diversity

communities within a region

a region's communities can vary in diversity

Rivers have ______ species richness but most had _____ set of species =____ _____ _________

high, same, low beta diversity

Ponds were more _______ = ____ ____ ________

variable, high beta diversity

Ditches had ______ species = ________ _______ __________

fewest species, lowest alpha diversity

What determines how diverse a community is

geographical- distance from equator

size of landmass- migration

If populations are extremely _______, immigration rates are _____

isolated, low - islands

Species pool

source of new recruits

______ islands have greater diversity = _____-______ __________

larger, species-area relationship