Science and Biology Lecture Review

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering key concepts from chemistry, biology, and physics as presented in the lecture notes.

Signs of a chemical reaction (Burning Wood)

The production of heat, light, smoke, and new substances such as ash and gases.

Photosynthesis (Carbon Dioxide Removal)

The process by which plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to produce glucose.

Burning Fossil Fuels (Impact)

Increases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which disrupts the carbon cycle and contributes to climate change.

Law of Conservation of Matter

Matter cannot be created or destroyed; the number of atoms remains the same before and after a reaction.

Metal Melting Points

Metals have high melting points because strong metallic bonds require significant energy to break.

Protein Synthesis Sequence

$\text{DNA provides instructions} \rightarrow \text{mRNA copies the code} \rightarrow \text{ribosomes join amino acids to make proteins}$.

DNA Bases

A sequence of four bases ($A$, $T$, $C$, $G$) that can be arranged in countless ways to create genetic codes.

Aerobic Respiration

A type of respiration that uses oxygen and releases more energy.

Anaerobic Respiration

A type of respiration that occurs without oxygen and releases less energy.

Oxygen Debt

The extra oxygen required after intense exercise to remove lactic acid produced during anaerobic respiration in the muscles.

Group 1 Alkali Metals

Soft, shiny, low-density metals that are highly reactive and possess one valence electron.

Proton

A positively charged subatomic particle located in the nucleus.

Neutron

A neutral subatomic particle located in the nucleus.

Electron

A negatively charged subatomic particle located in shells around the nucleus.

ATP

A molecule that stores and transfers energy for cell activities.

Glucose Link

Photosynthesis produces glucose, while cellular respiration breaks glucose down to release energy.

Pyramid of Numbers

An ecological model that counts the number of individual organisms at each trophic level.

Pyramid of Biomass

An ecological model that measures the total mass of organisms at each trophic level.

Intensive Farming

A method of farming with the benefit of producing more food, but with disadvantages including pollution and animal welfare concerns.

Eutrophication

A process caused by fertilizers entering water, leading to excessive algae growth and oxygen depletion.

Biomass Conversion in Animals

Keeping animals warm and restricted in movement reduces energy spent on heat and movement, allowing more energy to become biomass.

Levels of Organization

$\text{Biosphere} \rightarrow \text{Ecosystem} \rightarrow \text{Community} \rightarrow \text{Population} \rightarrow \text{Organism}$.

Inverted Pyramid of Numbers

Occurs in cases like a tree food chain where one tree supports many insects; biomass is a better measure in these instances.

Halogens at Room Temperature

They exist as molecules with weak forces between them, resulting in low melting and boiling points.

Electron Shell Rules (Grade 9)

The first shell holds $2$ electrons, the second holds $8$, and the third holds $8$. Chlorine is arranged as $2, 8, 7$.

Nuclear Fusion in Stars

A process that requires the extremely high temperatures and pressures naturally found in stars.

Predicting Reactivity

Determined by an atom's valence electrons; atoms react to gain, lose, or share electrons to achieve a full outer shell.

Polymer

A large molecule composed of repeating monomers, such as starch made from glucose.

Water Bonding

Involves covalent bonds where hydrogen and oxygen atoms share electrons.

Covalent vs. Ionic Bonds

Covalent bonds involve sharing electrons, while ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons.

Electrostatic Attraction

The force of attraction between positive and negative ions that forms an ionic bond.

Pure Metal Structure

A lattice of positive metal ions surrounded by a sea of delocalized electrons.

Thermal Energy and Change of State

Adding thermal energy makes particles move faster, eventually allowing them to overcome attractive forces.

Alkali Metals vs. Noble Gases

Alkali metals are very reactive, whereas Noble Gases are very unreactive.

Role of mRNA

Carries genetic instructions from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes.

Mutation and Proteins

A mutation can change the amino acid sequence, leading to the production of a faulty protein.

Aerobic Respiration Equation

$$C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + \text{Energy}$$

Original Source of Energy

The Sun; plants capture solar energy through the process of photosynthesis.

Conservation of Matter Example

$$2H_2 + O_2 \rightarrow 2H_2O$$

Endothermic Reaction

A reaction that absorbs heat energy, such as instant cold packs used for treating sports injuries.

Signs of a Chemical Reaction (General)

Color change, gas production, and temperature change (measured with a thermometer).

Yeast in Bread

Yeast carries out fermentation, producing carbon dioxide that allows the bread to rise.

Protein Monomer

Amino acid.

Lipids (Properties and Function)

Properties: Insoluble in water. Function: Long-term energy storage.

Nucleic Acid Example

DNA, which stores genetic information.

Glucose and Macromolecules

Glucose is a monomer that forms carbohydrates like starch.

Conduction

The transfer of heat through direct contact, such as from a pan to water.

Convection

The transfer of heat through moving fluids, such as circulating water in a pan.

Radiation

The transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves.

Specific Heat Capacity Principle

Based on thermal equilibrium, where the heat lost by a hot object equals the heat gained by a cold object.

Evidence for the Big Bang

The expansion of the universe (red shift), Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR), and the distribution of light elements.