Unit 7: 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments

What major changes occurred during the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century?

Significant economic and social changes, including mass production and new industrial techniques.

What ideology emphasizes individual rights and limited government?

Liberalism.

What was the main focus of nationalism in the 19th century?

The importance of a shared national identity, culture, and history.

What series of uprisings across Europe in 1848 aimed for political reform?

The Revolutions of 1848.

What was the outcome of the Congress of Vienna?

It restored order in Europe following the Napoleonic Wars.

What was the main conflict in the Crimean War?

A conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, involving other European powers.

What conflict arose in the United States over slavery and states' rights?

The American Civil War.

What did Darwin propose in his theory of evolution?

The theory of evolution through natural selection.

What is Social Darwinism?

A social theory that applies the concept of natural selection to human societies, often used to justify imperialism.

What are some factors that contributed to the rise of nationalism in the 19th century?

Enlightenment ideas, industrialization, and revolutionary movements.

How did the unification of Italy begin?

It was a political and social movement aimed at unifying various states into a single nation.

Who led the movement for German unification?

Otto von Bismarck.

What was the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary?

A political entity formed by the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, consisting of Austria and Hungary.

Which major alliance consisted of France, Russia, and the UK before World War I?

The Triple Entente.

What ideological conflict was at the heart of the Balkan Wars?

Nationalism seeking independence from the Ottoman Empire.

What was one significant effect of imperialism on colonized societies?

Exploitation of resources and labor, leading to economic disparities.

What cultural movement emphasized emotion and individualism?

Romanticism.

What characterized the birth of modern art?

A response to social, economic, and political changes beginning in the 1860s.

What is determinism in the context of political thought?

The belief that events, including human actions, are determined by external causes.

What historical events were influenced by the ideas of determinism and positivism?

The rise of socialism, welfare state growth, and developments in imperialism.