AQA GCSE Geography Paper 2

Deindustrialisation

a process of social and economic change caused by the removal or reduction of industrial capacity or activity in a country or region, especially of heavy industry or manufacturing industry.

Post-industrial economy

a period of growth within an industrialised economy or nation in which the relative importance of manufacturing reduces and that of services, information, and research grows.

Cause of industrial change in the UK: deindustrialisation

• Other countries can produce goods cheaper as their labour is less expensive eg China, Malaysia, Indonesia

• Lack in investment, high labour costs and outdated machinery make UK products too expensive

Cause of industrial change in the UK: globalisation

• Communication technology allows deals to be struck with companies all over the globe. Even a small company may now produce its goods in a factory overseas or source its goods from a further destination

• Cargo ships can now carry vast quantities over large distances, reducing the cost of delivery

• This means it might be cheaper to transport something halfway around the world than to produce it in a country like the UK where wages are higher

• Organisations like the WTO have reduced barriers to trade, making it easier to import cheaper goods from abroad rather than making products in the UK

• TNCs such as Apple and Nike have moved production to countries where wages and costs are lower

• But their innovation also creates quaternary jobs in the UK

Cause of industrial change in the UK: government policies

1945-1979

UK government creates state-run industries

Government money was spent ‘propping-up’ declining UK industries, even though outdated machinery and large workforces made them unprofitable

1979-2010

State-run industries were sold off to private shareholders to create a more competitive business environment. Many older industries were closed down and jobs lost

Many private companies brought innovation and change

2010 onwards

The aim of the UK government in 2010 is to ‘rebalance’ the economy by rebuilding the UK’s manufacturing sector and relying less on the service industries

• Improve transport infrastructure

• More investment in manufacturing industries

• Easier access to loans and finance for small businesses

• Encourage global firms to locate in the UK

How has the UK economy been affected by IT

The UK economy has been affected by IT in a number of ways:

• Internet access enables many people to work from home

• Many new businesses are directly involved with IT, manufacturing hardware and designing software

• Over 1.3m people work in the IT sector

• The UK is one of the world’s leading digital economies, attracting businesses and investment from abroad

 

Service Industries in UK

The services industry is responsible for 79% of economic output and 83% of employment

In London this is as high as 91%

The UK's economy is more reliant on the service sector than any other G7 country

The service sector has driven the economic recovery since the downturn in 2008

The service sector is made up of service activities in retail, hotels, restaurants, transport, storage, IT, finance, insurance, real estate, administration and support services, professional, scientific and technical services, education, health, social work, arts, entertainment, recreation, public administration, defence

Finance in the UK

Key finance roles include accounting, banking and finance, financial planning, insurance, investments and pensions and tax with approximately 1.1m employed accounting for 8.3% of income

Many well-known high street brands can be found among the UK's retail banks and building societies.

The U.K. is the world's largest net exporter of financial services , and London, with its convenient time zone and feather-light regulations, ties with New York as the world's financial capital.

research in the UK

Sector employs over 60,000 highly qualified people and contributes £3bn to the economy

• Eg British Antarctic Survey employs 500 highly skilled people based in Cambridge, Antarctica and the Arctic

• It helps us our understanding of earth and the impact of humans upon its systems

• An OKS working for the BAS discovered the hole in the Ozone layer!

• Major British contributors include Cambridge and Oxford Universities, the Ministry of Defence, Glaxo Smith Kline, the BBC and the NHS

Science and Business Parks in the UK

Science Parks – a group of scientific and technical knowledge-based businesses located on a single site. There are over one hundred science parks in the UK. Science parks may include support services such as financial services and marketing. Around 75,000 people work in the UK’s science parks

Business Parks – an area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses. Business parks are usually located on the edge of towns because;

• Land tends to be cheaper than in town centres

• With more land available, it may be possible to extend businesses

• Access is better for workers and distribution, using by-passes and motorways, with less traffic congestion than in towns or cities

• Businesses can benefit by working together

 

Impact of industry on the physical environment: cars

• Cars have many parts that are difficult to dispose of such as battery acid which might leak into the environment HOWEVER the average age of vehicles at scrappage has risen to 14.1 years + 95% of a car’s weight can be recycled

• Most cars run of diesel or petrol which can release CO2 from drilling, transportation and combustion HOWEVER fully electric cars are now being produced such as the Nissan leaf + many cars are now hybrids which can run of both petrol/diesel or electricity

• manufacturing cars requires large amounts of water and energy HOWEVER energy use per car had been reduced from 3.1M1h to 2.3Mwh + water use per car has been reduced from 5.3m³ to 3.0m³

Improvements in UK transport infrastructure: road

e.g. the South West 'super highway'. This was originally a £2 billion road-widening project and one of the biggest schemes in the UK. It would of been an upgrade of the A303 which goes to the SW. the normally congested route will be converted into a dual carriageway. This will connect with the M3 and go all the way to Plymouth.

The plan to create a largely continuous expressway from the M3 to the M5 remains an objective, but it is being delivered as a collection of smaller upgrade schemes rather than one single “super-highway.” Work continues on targeted upgrades and a full continuous dual carriageway to Plymouth has not been completed as of 2025.

Improvements in UK transport infrastructure: port

e.g. Liverpool2 (the deep-water container terminal) opened in 2016 and remains operational. Owners/operators have been planning/working on capacity and equipment enhancements (often described as “Phase 2” upgrades) to add more cranes and rail/stacking capacity so the terminal can handle larger vessels and higher annual throughput — these enhancement works are intended to increase capacity and resilience rather than being a brand-new separate port.

Improvements in UK transport infrastructure: rail

e.g. HS2 - This was originally a £50 billion plan for a new high speed rail line to connect London to Birmingham, and then to Sheffield, Leeds and Manchester and Crewe. The plan has experienced delays but Boris Johnson gave the go ahead for the project to go ahead in February 2020. it will triple capacity along its route. It won't be finished until 2035-2040. However, the programme has been significantly rescoped since the original plans. The northern extensions were cancelled and now the focus is on completing the London-Birmingham works. Its is behind schedule and has undergone a programme 'reset', now facing higher costs and a later opening date.

Improvements in UK transport infrastructure: airport

e.g. Heathrow is the one of the world's major airports. With over 80 million passengers per year. Over 76,000 people work at Heathrow. The government has chosen a third runway at Heathrow as the best solution to the chronic shortage of

aviation capacity in South East England. A new runway northwest of the existing pair is said to cost £14bn. But the proposals for Heathrow face multiple legal challenges and still do up to this year.

Social Impacts of South Cambridgeshire’s increase in population

• 80% car ownership leading to increased traffic on narrow country roads + reduced demand for public transport

• Modern development on the edge of villages and gentrification of abandoned farm buildings can lead to a breakdown in community spirit

• Young people cannot afford the high costs of houses and move away

• Commuters have continued to use services in the places they work, creating a negative effect on the local rural economy

Economic Impacts of South Cambridgeshire’s increase in population

• The increasing number of migrants from relatively poor parts of Europe can put pressure on services and increase overall costs

• Lack of affordable housing as competition increases and prices are pushed up by people owning second homes outside the city

• A reduction in agricultural employment as farmers sell their land for housing development, although this may increase jobs in construction

• This area has some of the highest petrol prices in the country due to the high demand. The same can be said for other services pushed up by increased demand.

Social Impacts of Outer Hebrides’ decrease in population

• With many younger people moving away, there will be fewer people of working age living in the Outer Hebrides

• An increasingly ageing population with fewer young people to support them may lead to care issues in the future

• The number of school children is expected to fall over the next few years, and this may result in school closures

Economic Impacts of Outer Hebrides’ decrease in population

• Fishing has significantly declined due to the dominance of foreign-owned ships and concerns about the environment

• Many industries, such as farming, are struggling as farms tend to be small and only provide work for up to two days per week

• UK and Scottish governments have to provide subsidies to ensure ferries and other services can operate but may services such as post offices are closing

• There has been a 27% increase in tourism between 2007 and 2014 but the current infrastructure is unable to cope with the scale needed to provide an alternative source of income

Evidence for a North-South Divide

• A higher percentage of people in Southern cities have a degree.

• The mean life expectancy at birth is higher in the South by up to 10%

• Average pay is higher in the south

• Number of premature deaths is higher in the North

• Percentage of students achieving a grade 7 is higher is the South by up to 10%

• Disposable income is higher is the South by up to £5000

• Unemployment is higher in the North than the South, apart from London.

Evidence against a North-South Divide

Percentage of people entering higher education is overall higher in the North apart from London .

What is the purpose of financial support in reducing the North–South Divide?

To attract new businesses, improve infrastructure, and encourage investment in northern regions.

Give two examples of foreign companies investing in the North.

Nissan in Washington (Tyne and Wear) and Mitsubishi in Livingston (Scotland).

What is the Northern Powerhouse strategy?

A 2015 government plan to boost economic growth in northern cities and develop rural industry and energy.

How do transport improvements help reduce the North–South Divide?

By improving connectivity, reducing travel times, and encouraging business growth across regions.

Name two major transport projects aimed at improving northern connectivity.

HS2 and the electrification of the Trans-Pennine Railway.

What is Liverpool2?

A deep-water container port designed to increase trade capacity and attract business to the North West.

What is a Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP)?

A voluntary partnership between local authorities and businesses to encourage economic growth.

What does the Lancashire LEP focus on?

Supporting new businesses, improving transport, and expanding superfast broadband.

What are Enterprise Zones?

Designated areas offering incentives to attract new businesses and create jobs.

Name two benefits offered in Enterprise Zones.

Business rate discounts and superfast broadband.

What is devolution in the context of the North–South Divide?

Transferring power and funding from Westminster to local councils in the North.

Give an example of devolution in action.

The election of the Mayor of Greater Manchester with control over £1 billion of devolved funds.

How is the UK linked to the wider world through trade?

The UK exports and imports goods and services globally, relying heavily on international trade for economic growth.

How does culture link the UK to other countries?

Through global influence of English language, music, TV, film, sport, and migration.

How is the UK connected globally through transport?

Major airports (e.g., Heathrow), international ports, and the Channel Tunnel link the UK to Europe and beyond.

What is meant by electronic communication links?

High‑speed internet, global media, and the UK’s role in international communication networks.

What economic and political links does the UK have with the EU?

Trade, cooperation, and shared regulations (historically as a member; now through agreements after leaving the EU).

What is the Commonwealth?

A voluntary association of 56 countries, mostly former British colonies, promoting cooperation and development.

How does the Commonwealth link the UK to the wider world?

Through shared values, cultural ties, trade links, and political cooperation.

What is urbanisation?

Urbanisation means the rise in the percentage of people living in urban areas (towns and cities), in comparison with rural areas.

Why urbanisation happened in HICs first

Urbanisation happened in rich countries first. They created the technologies and factories during the Industrial Revolution that lured people away from the countryside in search of higher wages.

What is happening in HICs today? (urbanisation)

Urbanisation is slow in HICs as they are already largely urbanized, with little room for growth and minimal quality of life differences between urban and rural areas. Some individuals are moving away from cities for peaceful living, while transportation technology allows easy access to urban employment.

Why urbanisation is happening in NEEs now?

Improvements in transportation technology have allowed companies to move production to nations where wages are lower. This has created lots of jobs in cities, which has allowed many nations to develop from LICs to NEEs

Why urbanisation is happening in LICs now

Rural life in many LICs is very difficult with little access to basic services and reliance on farming. Many people are choosing to move to cities to see if they can provide a better life for themselves

What are the two main reasons for urban population growth?

Natural increase - where the birth rate is higher than the death rate

Rural-urban migration - the movement of people from the countryside into towns and cities. Dominantly young adults who are more likely to increase birth rates.

What are the main urban pull factors that attract people from rural areas to cities?

Urban pull factors are the advantages of city life that draw people in. These include:

• Better‑paid, more reliable jobs than rural work like farming, giving people higher incomes and improved living standards.

• Better services, such as high‑quality healthcare, education, entertainment, and frequent public transport.

• Better housing, which is usually well‑built, safer, and less vulnerable to hazards like flooding.

• More opportunities, including career progression, education, and access to a wider range of jobs.

• Higher quality of life, with greater security, convenience, and access to facilities.

What are the main rural push factors that encourage people to leave the countryside?

Rural push factors are negative conditions that make rural life difficult. These include:

• Low pay and job insecurity, especially in farming, leading to poverty and limited prospects.

• Lack of services, such as infrequent transport, poor schooling, and limited healthcare.

• Environmental hazards, including droughts and flooding that destroy crops, homes, and incomes.

• Few opportunities, with limited education, employment, and career options.

• Rural poverty, caused by poor infrastructure, low wages, and lack of investment.

What are the main benefits (positive consequences) of urban growth?

Urban growth can bring major advantages to a city, including:

• Economic growth — more workers, more businesses, and more investment increase productivity and job creation.

• Improved services — larger populations justify better healthcare, education, transport, and entertainment facilities.

• Better infrastructure — governments and companies invest in roads, public transport, water, electricity, and communication networks.

• Cultural diversity — migration increases cultural mix, leading to new ideas, food, music, and social vibrancy.

• Higher tax revenue — more people and businesses mean more tax income, which can be reinvested into the city.

What are the main drawbacks (negative consequences) of urban growth?

Urban growth can also create serious challenges, including:

• Overcrowding — rapid population growth leads to pressure on housing, services, and public spaces.

• Housing shortages — demand outstrips supply, causing slums, informal settlements, or rising rents.

• Traffic congestion and pollution — more vehicles and industry increase air pollution, noise, and travel times.

• Pressure on services — schools, hospitals, water supply, and waste systems becomes overstretched.

• Unemployment and inequality — not everyone finds work, leading to poverty, crime, and social divides.

• Environmental damage — loss of green space, increased waste, and higher carbon emissions.

What are the main causes of Rio’s rapid urban growth?

• Natural increase — high birth rate and youthful population.

• Internal migration — people moving from rural Brazil (e.g., Amazon Basin) for jobs.

• Regional migration — migrants from Argentina and Bolivia seeking work.

• International migration — business migrants from South Korea and China.

• Historical links — Portuguese‑speaking migrants from Portugal.

• Skilled migrants — workers from the USA and UK attracted by industry.

Why is Rio an important city locally?

• Major employment in banking, finance, insurance.

• Busy port exporting coffee, sugar, iron ore.

• Mix of wealthy areas (e.g., Barra de Tijuca) and poorer favelas.

Why is Rio an important city nationally?

• Brazil’s second most important industrial centre.

• Cultural capital with 50+ museums.

• Major transport hub with five ports and three airports.

• HQs of major companies like Petrobras and CVBB.

• Produces 5% of Brazil’s GDP.

Why is Rio an important city internationally?

• Christ the Redeemer — one of the Seven New Wonders.

• UNESCO World Heritage Site.

• Hosts global events (World Cup 2014, Olympics 2016).

• One of the most visited cities in the southern hemisphere.

What environmental opportunities does Rio offer despite its issues?

• More sewage treatment plants and waste‑recycling centres than rural Brazil.

• Better transport options such as cable cars and major road links.

• More reliable access to electricity and clean water.

• Rural areas often rely on burning waste and have no sewage systems, so Rio still provides improved living conditions.

What are the main environmental challenges caused by urban growth in Rio? (BIG FLASHCARD)

Waste disposal:

• 10,000 tonnes of waste dumped daily into Guanabara Bay or landfills.

• Very limited recycling → most waste is burnt, dumped, or left in streets.

• Leads to water pollution, blocked rivers/canals, and polluted air.

Air pollution:

• Caused by burning rubbish, heavy traffic, and industrial emissions.

• Linked to 5,000 deaths per year and increased risk of lung disease.

Water pollution:

• Raw sewage drains into the bay from areas without treatment systems.

• Pollution from industry, ships, and dumped waste.

• Causes diseases like cholera and harms ecosystems.

• 6 million people living around the bay are at risk.

Traffic congestion:

• Rapid population growth + outdated roads → Rio is South America’s most congested city.

• Leads to long delays, high emissions, and health problems.

How is Rio managing its environmental challenges? (BIG FLASHCARD)

Waste management:

• New recycling centres and collection systems introduced.

• Still limited impact: only 3.7% of waste is recycled.

Sewage treatment:

• New plants built to treat 80% of Rio’s sewage.

• Aims to reduce water pollution and protect the bay.

Traffic management:

• Yellow Line Highway built to reduce congestion and emissions.

• Cable cars improve access to favelas and reduce reliance on cars.

Effectiveness:

• Some improvements in travel times and emissions.

• But waste burning and sewage pollution remain major issues.

What social opportunities does urban growth create in Rio?

Urban growth provides:

• Better access to services such as healthcare and education.

• Improved access to resources like clean water and electricity.

• More investment in infrastructure, schools, clinics, and utilities compared to rural Brazil.

What are the main challenges with water supply in Rio and how is it managed?

• 12% of people lacked access to running water.

• 37% of water lost through leaks, fraud, and illegal tapping.

• Demand rising due to population growth.

Management:

• Seven new treatment plants built (1998–2014).

• 300 km of new pipes installed.

• By 2014, 95% of people had mains water access.

What are the main energy challenges in Rio and how is it managed?

• Frequent blackouts due to electricity shortages.

• Illegal tapping of power lines in favelas — unsafe and unreliable.

Management:

• 60 km of new power lines installed.

• New nuclear generator built.

• Simplicio HEP complex built → increases electricity supply by 30% (333.7 MW capacity).

What are the main education challenges in Rio and how is it managed?

• School only compulsory to age 14 → many leave early.

• Leads to informal work, low pay, and unstable income.

• Limits opportunities and reduces quality of life.

Management:

• Developing Minds Foundation builds schools in favelas.

• Supports literacy and aims to improve job prospects and living standards.

What are the main healthcare challenges in Rio and how is it managed?

• Only 55% had access to a local health clinic (2013).

• Poor services for pregnant women and the elderly, especially in the West Zone.

• High infant mortality and low life expectancy.

Management:

• In favelas like Santa Marta, medical teams visit homes with portable kits.

• Identified and treated 20+ diseases.

• Reduced infant mortality and increased life expectancy.

• Model expanded to other hard‑to‑reach areas; costs only $50 per person per year.

What economic opportunities does urban growth create in Rio?

• Rio offers far more job opportunities than most of Brazil.

• Employment available in industry, tourism, services, finance, and the port.

• Attracts migrants seeking work, boosting the city’s labour force and economy.

What are the main unemployment challenges in Rio and how are they managed?

• Overall unemployment at 11.7%, with some favelas reaching 37%.

• Caused by rapid migration and not enough jobs.

• 2015 recession worsened unemployment.

• Consequences:

  • Lower tax revenue → weaker local economy.

  • People forced into favelas due to low income.

  • Growing wealth divide; some workers earn as little as £720/year.

Management:

• Schools of Tomorrow programme improves education for poorer communities.

• Free childcare helps teenage parents return to school.

• Community projects support skills and employment.

• Impact: unemployment still rising; many believe government action is insufficient.

Why is crime a major economic challenge in Rio and how is it managed?

• High crime levels, especially in favelas.

• Caused by poverty and lack of opportunities → people turn to crime to survive.

• Consequences:

  • Wealthier residents move to safer areas (e.g., Barra de Tijuca).

  • Tourists discouraged → damages Rio’s economy.

  • Residents feel unsafe; businesses less willing to invest.

Management:

• UPP (Pacifying Police Units) introduced to reclaim crime‑dominated areas.

• Police patrol 24/7 in targeted favelas.

• Impact: crime reduced in some areas; residents feel safer.

What construction challenges do favelas in Rio face?

• Houses built illegally with basic materials (iron sheets, broken bricks, plastic).

• Many built on steep slopes, vulnerable to landslides (e.g., 2010: 224 deaths, 13,000 homeless).

• Limited road access due to terrain

What service challenges do favelas face?

• 12% have no running water.

• 30%+ have no electricity.

• 50% lack sewage connections.

• Widespread illegal tapping of electricity.

• Open drains and unsafe water sources.

• Water often collected from taps at bottom of slopes → several daily trips.

What are the unemployment challenges in favelas?

• Unemployment around 20%.

• Many rely on informal sector jobs (irregular, low‑paid).

• Average incomes can be under £75/month.

Why is crime a major issue in favelas?

• High murder rate (20 per 1,000).

• Drug gangs dominate many areas.

• Residents often distrust police due to corruption and violence.

What health challenges do favela residents face?

• Extremely high population density (37,000 per km²).

• Infant mortality up to 50 per 1,000.

• Waste builds up → disease risk.

• Burning rubbish causes fires and harmful smoke.

• Poor sanitation and overcrowding worsen illness.

What is the Favela Bairro Project and how does it improve favelas?

A government‑funded scheme to upgrade favelas rather than demolish them.
Improvements include:

• Installation of electricity, sewage systems, rubbish collection, and public transport.

• Aim: make favelas safer, cleaner, and more connected to the city.

How do self‑help schemes improve housing in favelas?

• Residents receive building materials (cement, concrete blocks) to replace unsafe shelters.

• Houses become permanent, often 3–4 storeys, with water, electricity, and sewage installed.

• Cheaper than government‑built housing and increases community ownership.

How does giving legal rights help favela residents?

• Residents are granted legal ownership of their homes.

• Allows access to low‑interest mortgages and loans.

• Encourages people to invest in improving their homes and reduces insecurity.

How does improving transport help solve favela problems?

• New transport links (e.g., cable cars, extended bus routes) connect favelas to the city centre.

• Makes it easier for residents to access jobs, education, and services.

• Reduces isolation and improves quality of life.

What is the Pacification Programme and how does it reduce crime?

• UPP (Pacifying Police Units) deployed to reclaim areas controlled by gangs.

• Police patrol 24/7 to create a safer environment.

• Reduces crime, increases safety, and encourages investment in favelas.

Why were new towns like Barra da Tijuca built?

• To relocate some residents from overcrowded favelas.

• Provides safer, better‑planned housing with access to services.

• Reduces pressure on central favelas.

What is urban greening and how is it an opportunity in London?

47% of London is green space with 8.1 million trees and 13,000 wildlife species. Urban greening (parks, rooftop gardens, bird feeders) protects habitats, reduces flood risk, and improves air quality.

How is London reducing waste?

61% of waste is recycled, with a target of 0% landfill. Dense population makes waste collection efficient and supports specialist recycling facilities.

How is London reducing transport emissions?

15% of road users are cyclists. Cycle superhighways and Boris Bikes make cycling safer and cheaper, cutting car emissions.

What is brownfield redevelopment and why is it sustainable?

Old industrial land (e.g., Olympic Park, Greenwich Millennium Village) reused for housing with eco‑designs like south‑facing glass and rainwater collection.

What are the main environmental challenges in London? (urban)

• Waste: 25% still goes to landfill → methane emissions.

• Traffic pollution: Air quality exceeds EU limits; congestion increases emissions.

• Urban sprawl: Greenbelt under pressure → habitat loss and flood risk.

• Deindustrialisation: Docklands left derelict → contaminated land.

What recreation and entertainment opportunities exist in London?

Major attractions (West End, Wembley, O2, museums). Gentrified areas like Shoreditch offer nightlife and creative spaces, improving quality of life.

How does London’s cultural mix benefit the city?

Diverse communities (e.g., Brick Lane) bring new cuisines, fashions, and festivals, promoting understanding and reducing conflict.

What is gentrification and how does transport help?

Gentrification is the process by which wealthier individuals move into historically underinvested, working-class urban neighborhoods

Improved transport (e.g., Crossrail to Custom House) attracts investment and young professionals, revitalising poorer areas.

What are the main social challenges of urban growth in London?

• Deprivation: Life expectancy 90 yrs in Kensington vs 78 yrs in West Ham; unemployment 3.9% vs 9.9%.

• Housing shortage: Population +100,000 / year, only 20,000 homes built → overcrowding and delayed family formation.

• Service pressure: Public transport demand +60% → overcrowded tubes and buses.

What economic opportunities has London’s growth created?

• New industries: Finance, tech, and creative sectors (Docklands, Old Street) provide 100,000+ jobs.

• Integrated transport: Underground and Crossrail connect people and businesses efficiently.

What are the main economic challenges of migration to London?

• Housing costs: Prices rising faster than anywhere else → many forced to rent.

• Cost of living: London living wage £10.20 vs national £8.75; high service costs make minimum wage insufficient.

Where is London located and what is its geographical context?

• London is in south‑east England, on the River Thames.

• It is the capital city of the UK.

• It sits at the centre of the UK’s transport network, with major road, rail, air, and international links.

• Its coastal proximity and river access historically supported trade, ports, and global connections.

Why is London important in the UK

• UK’s largest city and economic centre (22% of UK GDP).

• Headquarters of major companies, government, media, and universities.

• Cultural capital with museums, theatres, and national events.

Why is London important in the wider world?

• One of the world’s leading financial centres (City of London, Canary Wharf).

• Major global transport hub (Heathrow = one of the busiest airports globally).

• Highly multicultural city with over 300 languages spoken.

• Attracts millions of tourists and global businesses.

Why was regeneration needed in the London Docklands?

• Regeneration was needed due to the closure of docks in 1981, as they couldn't accommodate larger ships.

• Advances in transport led to Felixstowe overtaking London as the UK's largest container port.

• This deindustrialisation resulted in 12,000 job losses from 1978-83 and an 18.5% population decline in East London, leading to the closure of local businesses.

What was done in the London Docklands project?

The London Docklands project involved a £10 billion redevelopment by the LDDC from 1981 to 1998, converting disused docks into housing, offices, and shops like Canary Wharf, clearing derelict land for 24,000 homes, enhancing access with new transportation links, and building cultural venues contributing to the 2012 Olympics.

Was the London Docklands Project successful?

• The LDDC successfully tackled the widespread multiply market failure.

• Failures in land, housing and commercial property markets have been addressed and labour market failures have been alleviated by a combination of training projects, improvements in accessibility in and out of Docklands and the creation of new local jobs.

• The LDDC created wide range of social, economic and environmental benefits. Prominent amongst theses are the 24,000 houses build and 80,000 gross jobs.

However:

• House prices are too high for people with low incomes

• New jobs have been made but local people do not have the qualifications to do them.

• No new manufacturing industry has been created

• Many concerns about the noise and pollution while it is being built.

What is the Greenwich Peninsula redevelopment and why is it important?

A major regeneration project in east London (1997–2025) designed to create a sustainable urban community.
Key aims:

• Build 13,000 new homes, offices, shops, schools, and leisure facilities.

• Create 30,000 jobs by 2025.

• Regenerate derelict land around the O2 into a mixed‑use, eco‑friendly neighbourhood.

How does the Greenwich Peninsula save water?

• Rainwater harvesting used for toilets and irrigation.

• Grey water recycling cleans and reuses wastewater.

• Reduces demand on mains water and cuts waste.

How does the Greenwich Peninsula save energy?

• Supermarkets use wind and solar power.

• Earth banks insulate buildings naturally.

• Glass roofs maximise natural light → reduces electricity use.

• Homes use energy‑efficient appliances.

What makes the housing on the Greenwich Peninsula sustainable?

• High insulation to reduce heat loss.

• Buildings sheltered from cold winds.

• South‑facing glass walls for passive solar heating.

• Designed to reduce energy bills and carbon emissions.

How does the redevelopment of Greenwich Peninsula promote recycling?

• Buildings use recyclable construction materials.

• Community recycling schemes collect bottles, cans, plastic, and paper.

• Reduces landfill and supports circular economy.

How does the Greenwich Peninsula support wildlife?

• Large ecology park with lakes, ponds, and wetlands.

• Over 12,000 trees planted.

• Green spaces encourage biodiversity and improve air quality.

How does the Greenwich Peninsula redevelopment create a sustainable community?

• Mix of housing, offices, shops, schools, parks, and leisure.

• Reduces need for long commutes → cuts emissions.

• Encourages walking, cycling, and local employment.