History 1301 Exam 2

Paul Revere

Patriot who made a ride to warn colonists of British arrival

Lexington and Concord

Beginning of the American Revolution

April 1775

"The Shot Heard Around the World"

Second Continental Congress

Served as the gov't for 6 years

May 1775

Formed an Army with Washington as Commander

Olive Branch Petition

Colonists expressed regret for what happened and claimed to be loyal citizens of England

King refused and declared the colonies to be in rebellion

Battle of Bunker Hill

Took place near Boston

British won because the colonists ran out of ammunition

Thomas Paine

Pamphlet "Common Sense"

Argued that all problems were the King's fault

Thomas Jefferson

"Father of the Declaration of Independence"

majority of the wording

Declaration of Independence

July 4, 1776

Hessians

German mercenary soldiers

Tories

Englishmen in the colonies representing the King

Whigs

Patriots who favored independence and the new government

Count de Vergennes

French foreign minister that hinted at French aid early on and later initiated 2 important treaties

Pierre Beaumarchais

Set up a fake trading company that secretly provided arms to the U.S. that were paid for by the king of France

Battle of Trenton

Washington defeated a large force of Hessians and moved on to capture Princeton a few days later

Battle of Saratoga

General Horatio Gates (American) planned attack on Johnny Burgoyne as he journeyed South with a huge entourage

Horatio Gates

American officer in command at Battle of Saratoga

"Gentleman" Johnny Burgoyne

British officer in command at Battle of Saratoga

Brought women and children along

Treaty of Amity and Commerce

France recognized the U.S. as independent and offered trade

Treaty of Alliance

France officially became a partner with the U.S. in the war

Valley Forge

About 2,500 of Washington's men died in the winter of 1777/78 because of cold, hunger, and disease

Carlisle Commission

Delivered a British plan for conciliation designed to block the French alliance

Rejected by U.S. Congress

General Lafayette

French general who brought troops to help the colonies win the war

Battle of Yorktown

American victory ended fighting in America

French navy blocked the harbor at Yorktown so the British could not send ships to rescue their troops

Washington and French troops had British cornered

Benedict Arnold

Thought he should have been given credit at Saratoga

Conspired against colonies to hand over West Point

Plan was discovered but he escaped

Treaty of Paris 1783

Ended American Revolution

Britain recognized U.S. independence

Virginia Statute of Religious Liberty

Written by Thomas Jefferson

Said that no man was required to support any religion

Primogeniture

Land must be inherited by the oldest son

Entail

All land must be inherited in one piece by one person

Massachusetts Constitution

Oldest written state constitution still in effect

Virginia Bill of Rights

First state to include of Bill of Rights

Model for other states

George Mason

Main author or Virginia Bill of Rights

"Father of the Bill of Rights"

"Grandfather of U.S. Bill of Rights"

Jonathan Trumbull

Artist to first display unique American art

Noah Webster's Blue Back Speller

Simplified spellings of British words

Adam Smith

"The Wealth of Nations" caused the founding fathers to adopt capitalism

Father of Capitalism

Articles of Confederation

The first constitution for the U.S.

Approved by the 2nd Continental Congress in November 1777

Ratified in November 1781

Created "a firm league of friendship"

Emphasis on states' rights

Mt. Vernon Conference

Washington had delegates from Maryland and Virginia come to his house to settle argument over trade on the Potomac River

Annapolis Convention

5 states attended to discuss issues over trade

Congress was asked to call another convention

Philadelphia Convention

1787

12 colonies send delegates to revise the Articles of Confederation

Delegates agree the U.S. needs a new Constitution

Shay's Rebellion

Farmers in western Massachusetts rebelled because of high taxes and bad state government

Took over court houses to prevent foreclosure on farms

Constitutional Convention

1787

Delegates sent to write a new Constitution

George Washington as presiding officer

James Madison as principal author

(Same as Philadelphia Convention)

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution"

Virginia Plan

National executive

National court system

Two house legislature

Upper house chosen by lower

Lower house chosen by popular election with the number of state representatives based on population

New Jersey Plan

Plural executive

Supreme Court

One vote for each state

Great Compromise

Settled the issue of representation in congress

Bicameral Congress

House of Reps based on population

Senate with 2 senators from each state

Three-fifths Compromise

Each slave was counted as 3/5 of a person for taxation and representation

Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise

Congress could not stop the importation of slaves for at least 20 years and could not tax exports

U.S. Constitution

Federal type of government-powers divided between national and state governments

Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches-President, Congress, and Supreme Court

Separation of Powers

Checks and Balances

Implemented when 9 states had ratified

Federalists

Approved the new Constitution and the Federal government

Anti-Federalists

Opposed the new Constitution and the Federal government

The Federalist Papers

85 essays published in the newspapers of New York to convince the colonists to ratify the Constitution

Written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison

Northwest Ordinance 1787

Passed by Articles of Confederation Congress

Organized the Northwest Territory

Outlawed slavery in the Northwest Territory

Set rules for how territories could become states

U.S. Bill of Rights

Added to the Constitution in 1791

Washington's Presidency

Pomp and Ceremony

Prestigious Cabinet: Thomas Jefferson-Secretary of State

Alexander Hamilton-Secretary of the Treasury

Executive Independence

Commander-in-Chief

Whiskey Rebellion

Farmers in western Pennsylvania rebelled because of a tax on whiskey

Washington called the army to put down the rebellion but farmer's gave in

Jay Treaty

1794

U.S. granted England most-favored-nation-status and received little in return

Pinckney Treaty

1795

Spain gave the U.S. the right to use the Mississippi River and deposit goods at New Orleans

Farewell Address 1796

Washington published speech at end of office in Philadelphia newspaper warning against political parties and entangling alliances

Alexander Hamilton

1st Secretary of the Treasury

Economic Policy: Report on Public Credit 1790

Report on Manufacturing 1791

First Bank of the U.S.

Controversy over creation led to creation of Federalist and Republican parties

Election of 1796

Federalist John Adams wins President

Republican Thomas Jefferson becomes Vice President

XYZ Affair

U.S. sent 3 representatives to France to get them to stop plundering American ships

French demanded bribes before even discussing

Alien and Sedition Acts

Limited freedom of speech, press, and liberty of aliens

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

These states declared Alien and Sedition acts unconstitutional

Election of 1800

Thomas Jefferson runs again and this time defeats Adams

Aaron Burr runs as the Republican Party's vice presidential candidate

Jefferson and Burr tie

The House of Representatives decides

Federalist Era ends

12th Amendment

Separate ballots to be cast for president and vice president

1804

Burr/Hamilton Duel

Burr runs for governor of NY

Hamilton campaigns against him causing Burr's loss

Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel and Hamilton was killed

Marbury v Madison

Supreme Court ruled a law unconstitutional for the first time

Established power of Judicial Review

Jefferson's Presidency

Orderly transition from Federalist party to Republican party

Less Pomp and Ceremony

Economy in Government: Whiskey Tax repealed

Navy cutbacks

Reduced the Army

Reduced National Debt

Louisiana Purchase

1803

U.S. bought Louisiana from France and doubled size

Lewis and Clark Expedition

1803-1806

Explore Louisiana all the way to the Pacific Ocean to strengthen U.S. claims to Oregon

Embargo Act of 1807

England and France were at war and both were interfering with U.S. trade

Jefferson halted all trade with foreign countries

First president to use economic warfare

War of 1812

War between U.S. and Britain

U.S. forces were defeated on land and sea

Capital was burned

Francis Scott Key

Wrote the Star Spangled Banner during the War of 1812

Not National Anthem until 1930s

Battle of New Orleans

Jackson defended against British attack after peace treaty had already been signed

Treaty of Ghent

December 1814

Ended War of 1812

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