heart, lungs, blood and non communicable disease

aorta

main artery which carries oxegynated blood from the heart to the body

vena cava

main vein which carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

arteries

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

atrium

the atria are the upper chambers of the heart which collect blood returning from the body (right) or from the lungs (left)

coronary artery

supplies the heart muscle cells with oxygen and glucose

pulmonary artery

carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

pulmonary vein

one of the four veins that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

vein

a blood vessel with valves that carries blood to the heart

vena cava

one of the two veins that carries deoxygenated blood to the heart from the body

ventricle

the lower chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atrium and pump it up into arteries

valves

valves in the heart, aorta and veins ensure one way flow of blood

leaky valves

when valves are diseased or damaged causing them to be unable to open or close properly. can be replaced with biological or mechanical valves

arrythmia

the beating of the heart is controlled by pacemaker cells in the walls of the right atrium. can stop working and cause irregular heartbeat, meaning they need to be replaced with an artificial pacemaker

coronary heart disease

the coronary artery can become blocked by a build up of fatty material, leading to deoxygenation of the heart and a heart attack

statins

drugs that lower production of cholesterol in the liver, for people with or at risk of heart disease

stents

coronary arteries that are blocked or have become narrow can have a stent inserted to keep them stretched open

specializations of arteries

• thick layers of muscle in walls allow them to stretch to withstand the high blood pressure

• elastic fibers prevent them from stretching

• small lumen helps to maintain high blood pressure

specializations of veins

• thinner muscular and elastic walls because blood is under lower pressure

• larger lumen to ensure blood is transported efficiently

• valves to prevent blood flowing backwards

• pass through muscles in arms and legs which help push the blood along veins when they contract

specializations of capillaries

• walls only one cell thick to ensure shorter diffusion distance

• very narrow lumens which only allow one red blood cell to pass through at a time, this slows blood flow to increase the time for diffusion

haemoglobin

red protein found in red blood cells that binds to oxygen

lymphocyte

white blood cell that produces antibodies or antitoxins

phacogyte

white blood cell

plasma

liquid part of the blood, transports dissolved substances like glucose, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, hormones as well as waste materials like carbon dioxide and urea

platelets

small colourless cell fragments, involved in clotting

red blood cell

bioconave cells responsible for the transport of oxygen

white blood cell

defends the body against foreign substances and disease

ventilation

nose, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, nose

inhalation

rib cage expands, diaphragm contracts

exhalation

rib cage contracts, diaphragm relaxes

adaptions of alveoli

• spherical shape gives them high surface area

• many of them to increase surface area

• covered in capillaries to maintain concentration gradient

• one cell thick walls to reduce diffusion distance

adaptions of alveoli

• spherical shape gives them high surface area

• many of them to increase surface area

• covered in capillaries to maintain concentration gradient

• one cell thick walls to reduce diffusion distance