BIOL FINAL PREP Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering nutrient standards, digestive anatomy, macronutrients (carbs, fats, proteins), vitamins, minerals, food safety, and energy metabolism as outlined in the BIOL FINAL PREP transcript.

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for Carbohydrates

$45-65\%$ of total kilocalories.

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for Protein

$10-35\%$ of total kilocalories.

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for Fat

$20-35\%$ of total kilocalories.

Whole Grain

Consists of the entire grain seed and contains the germ, endosperm, and bran; it is also high in fiber.

Enriched Grain

A grain product that has iron, riboflavin, thiamin, niacin, and folic acid added to it.

Refined Grain

A grain that has been highly processed and has reduced amounts of B vitamins.

Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)

A value based on the average daily energy needs of a healthy person.

Chyme

The watery mixture that food becomes in the stomach.

Pyloric sphincter

The structure that controls the rate at which chyme leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine.

Sucrase

An enzyme found on the microvilli of the small intestine that breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose.

Villi

Tiny, fingerlike projections of the small intestine that absorb nutrients.

Lacteal

A lymph vessel found within each villus of the small intestine.

Chylomicron

A water-soluble structure that carries absorbed dietary lipids away from the intestinal tract.

Peristalsis

The muscular contractions that help move food and chyme through the digestive tract.

Maltose

A disaccharide consisting of two glucose molecules.

Sucrose

A disaccharide consisting of one glucose and one fructose molecule.

Lactose

A disaccharide consisting of one galactose and one glucose molecule.

Glucagon

A hormone released in response to low blood glucose levels that promotes the breakdown of liver glycogen to raise blood glucose.

Insulin

A hormone released in response to elevated blood glucose levels that helps lower blood glucose by allowing it to enter most cells.

Type 1 Diabetes

A condition characterized by the pancreas' inability to make insulin, affecting about $5\%$ of people with diabetes.

Type 2 Diabetes

A condition characterized by insulin resistance, often associated with excess body weight.

Amylopectin

A digestible form of starch (complex carbohydrate) found in plants.

Glycogen

A polysaccharide that serves as a digestible complex carbohydrate in animals, though it breaks down soon after the animal dies.

Triglyceride

A major kind of lipid consisting of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone.

Lecithin

A phospholipid found in egg yolks that acts as an emulsifier to suspend fat in watery solutions.

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

A lipoprotein that transports cholesterol from cells to the liver.

Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

A lipoprotein that carries most of the cholesterol in the bloodstream and transports it to cells.

Saturated Fatty Acid

A fatty acid that has no double bonds within its hydrocarbon chain.

Homocysteine

A chemical in the blood that is considered a possible marker for cardiovascular disease.

Adult RDA for Protein

$0.8\,g/kg$ of body weight.

Deamination

The process of removing the nitrogen-containing amino group from an amino acid.

Positive Nitrogen Balance

A state associated with periods of growth, such as pregnancy and puberty.

Celiac Disease

An autoimmune condition where people must avoid gluten, found in wheat, rye, and barley.

Antioxidants

Substances such as Beta-carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C that can neutralize free radicals.

Beriberi

A deficiency disease caused by a lack of thiamin, characterized by weakness and poor muscular coordination.

Pellagra

A deficiency disease caused by a lack of niacin.

Scurvy

A deficiency disease caused by a lack of vitamin C, characterized by bleeding gums and poor wound healing.

Pernicious Anemia

A condition resulting from insufficient vitamin $B-12$ intake or absorption.

Teratogenic

A substance that can cause birth defects, such as excess vitamin A intake during pregnancy.

Trace Minerals

Essential mineral elements required in amounts less than $100\,mg$ per day, such as zinc, copper, and iron.

Major Minerals

Essential mineral elements required in amounts of $100\,mg$ or more per day, such as calcium, potassium, and sodium.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A hormone secreted when blood calcium drops that signals osteoclasts to tear down bone tissue.

Calcitonin

A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland when blood calcium is too high to decrease osteoclast activity.

Pathogens

Disease-causing microbes.

Aflatoxins

Harmful compounds produced by certain molds.

Basal Metabolism

The minimal amount of calories expended (about $60-70\%$ of total use) in a fasting state to keep a resting, awake body alive.

Visceral Fat

Fat deposits located in the omentum under the abdominal muscles that hang over the intestines.

Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)

Energy output triggered by involuntary activities like shivering, fidgeting, and maintaining posture.