U34 VCE Chemistry [Headstart]

Fuel

A substance with stored chemical energy which can be released relatively easily

Sustainable

Can meet societies demands now, and in to the future

Fossil fuels

A fuel that is produced over millions of years from the remains of once living organisms

Enhanced Greenhouse Gas Effect

An increase in the temperature of Earth's surface due to an increased concentration of greenhouse gases due to human activities

SI Units

Internationally accepted system of physical units

Non-renewable

Not able to be produced at the same rate or faster than its consumption

Photosynthesis

6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) --\> C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(g)

Homologous series

A series of organic compounds in which each successive member differs by a -CH2 unit

Alkanes

A saturated hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH2n+2

Fractional distillation

The separation of compounds based on boiling point

Natural gas

A fossil fuel composed of gaseous hydrocarbons, mainly CH4

Coal seam gas

Natural gas trapped by pressure on the surface of a coal seam

Shale gas

Natural gas that is trapped in shale rock

Fracking

The process of injecting sand, water or chemicals at high pressure into coal or rock to release trapped natural gas

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

A mixture of propane and butane that is liquefied under pressure

Renewable

Can be produced at the same rate or faster than it is consumed

Combustion

Reaction with O2(g) which releases heat energy

3.4 MJ

3400 KJ

4300 g

4.3 kg

4 tonnes

0.004 kg

10 GJ

0.010 MJ

Chemical energy

Potential energy stored in chemical bonds

Heat energy

Form of energy that is transferred by a difference in temperature

Electrical energy

Energy caused by the movement of electrons.

Mechanical energy

Kinetic or potential energy associated with the motion or position of an object

Highest heat of combustion value per gram

H2(g)

Highest heat of combustion value per mole

Octane

Lowest heat of combustion value per gram

Methanol

Lowest heat of combustion value per mole

H2(g)

Molar mass of H2O

18 g/mol

Molar mass of O2

32 g/mol

Molar mass of CH4

16 g/mol

Molar mass of H2(g)

2 g/mol

Molar mass of HCl

36.5 g/mol

Molar mass of NaOH

40 g/mol

Molar mass of C2H6

30 g/mol

Charge on ion of Na

1+

Charge on ion of Mg

2+

Charge on OH ion

1-

Charge of H2(g)

0

Charge on ion of Cl

1-

Charge on oxide ion

2-

Charge on fluoride ion

1-

Charge on aluminium cation

3+

Name of C8H18

Octane

Name of CH4

Methane

Name of C2H4

Ethene

Name of C3H8

Propane

Name of C6H14

Hexane

General formula of alkanes

CnH2n+2

General formula of alkenes

CnH2n

Bioethanol

Ethanol that is made by fermenting glucose from plants, using yeast

Anaerobic

A process which occurs in the absence of oxygen

Biofuels

A fuel produced from recently deceased organic material

Biogas

A mixture of gases which are produced by the anaerobic breakdown of organic matter

Biodiesel

A fuel derived from triglycerides to produce methyl esters

Fermentation

The breakdown of sugars by enzymes in yeast

Enzymes

A protein that functions as a catalyst of a specific biochemical reaction

C6H12O6 --\> 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2

Production of bioethanol

organic matter --\> CH4 + CO2

Production of biogas

Boiling point

The temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas

Melting point

The temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid

Hydrogen bonding

An intermolecular force in which a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom (N, O, F) is attracted to an unshared pair of electrons of an electronegative atom in a nearby molecule

Dipole-dipole attraction

The intermolecular attractive force between the positively charged end of one polar molecule and the negatively charged end of another polar molecule

Dispersion forces

Weak intermolecular forces that result from temporary shifts in the density of electrons within a molecule

Covalent bonding

An intramolecular bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

Metallic bonding

A bond formed by the attraction between metal cations and a sea of delocalised electrons

Ionic bonding

Bonding that results from the electrostatic attraction between cations and anions