Chpt 17 question doucments

Any object that contains handwriting or typescript and whose source or authenticity is in doubt is referred to as a(n) ______________.

Questioned document

True or False: Our general style of handwriting develops as a result of our attempts in childhood to copy letters that match a standard form or style shown to us by our teachers.

True

In a problem involving the authorship of handwriting, all characteristics of both the ______________ and ______________ documents must be considered and compared.

Known and questioned

True or False: A single handwriting characteristic can by itself be taken as a basis for a positive comparison.

False

Handwriting examples may have a crude, unnatural form or be written very carefully to disguise the writer’s natural ______________.

style

Known examples of writings, called ______________, must be collected in order to determine the outcome of a comparison.

Exemplars

As the age difference between genuine and unknown specimens becomes greater, the standard tends to become ______________ representative of the unknown.

Less

True or False: Two or more specimens of writing prepared by one person are identical in every detail.

False

In the Supreme Court case of ______________, the Court upheld the taking of handwriting exemplars before the appointment of counsel and determined handwriting to be nontestimonial evidence not protected by Fifth Amendment privileges.

Gilbert v. California

True or False: Normally, known writings need not contain words and combinations of letters present in the questioned document.

False

When requested writing is being given by a suspect, care must be taken to minimize a(n) ______________ writing effort.

conscious

An examiner should generate approximately ______________ samples through a questioned photocopier, printer, or fax machine to obtain a sufficient representation of a machine’s characteristics.

10

A fax machine prints a kind of header known as a ______________ at the top of each page it prints, which can be used for comparison and authentication purposes.

transmitting terminal identifier (TTI)

Examination of a printer’s ______________ involves microscopic analysis and the identification of organic and inorganic components.

toner

Examination of a document under ______________ or ______________ lighting may reveal chemical erasures of words or numbers.

Ultraviolet or infrared

Handwriting containing inks of different chemical compositions may be distinguished by photography with ______________ film.

Infrared

True or False: If obliteration of writing is carried out with the same ink as was used to write the original material, recovery will be difficult if not impossible.

True

Infrared photography can also be used to visualize writing on paper that has been accidentally or purposely ______________ in a fire.

charred (burned)

______________ writings are partially visible impressions that appear on a sheet of paper that, at the time of writing, was underneath the one on which the visible writing was done.

Indented

When comparing the chemical composition of ink lines on a questioned document, a(n) ______________ can be used without destroying the document.

microspectrophotometer

Many ink dyes can be separated by the technique of ______________ chromatography.

Thin-layer

True or False: Examination of the paper of a questioned document is based on general appearance, color, weight, and watermarks.

True