Chap 6: Approaches to the Teaching of Literature

Definition of Approach

1. Anthony (1963):

• set of assumptions dealing with nature of language, learning and teaching.

2. Brown (2001):

• informed beliefs about language, learning and teaching.

3. Moody (1983):

• provide a framework for classroom operations

Main Approaches

[LamaPulaISninMenjelangPergi]

1. language-based approach

2. paraphrastic approach

3. information-based approach

4. stylistic approach

5. moral-philosophical approach

6. personal-response approach

Language Approach

Focus: how language is used

• vocab

• grammar

• language awareness

• figurative language

Activities: [PergiCanaRamaiRamaiPergiDiamDiri]

1. prediction

2. cloze exercises

3. ranking tasks

4. role play

5. poetry recital

6. debate

7. discussion

Paraphrastic Approach

1. surface meaning of texts

Characteristics:

• reword stories

• simplify language

• translate texts

• provide notes

Activities:

• teacher retells a story

• translation exercise

• reading simplifies versions

• using workbook notes

criticism according to Van (2009)

• no personal development

• no cultural awareness enhancement

• no language development

• reduces literature to simple meaning

Information-based Approach

1. requires substantial teacher input

2. literature = source of info

Focus

• literary conventions

• literary concepts

• critical terms

• metalanguage

Stylistic Approach

Lazar (2009)

1. meaningful interpretations of texts

2. increase awareness and knowledge of language

Focus

• language feautures

• literary techniques

• style

• meaning

Moral-Philosophical Approach

1. discovering moral values in literary texts

Focus:

• moral lessons

• ethical principles

• philosophical ideas

Ministry of Education Values

• independence

• honesty

• gratitude respect

Activity;

• refection sessions

• value identifications

• moral discussions

• value-based reading

Personal-response approach

1. personal reactions to texts

Focus:

• author’s intentions

• brainstorming

• imaginative writing

• journal writing

• groupwork

Purpose:

• connect literature with life

• express feelings

• share opinions

• become engage readers