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How many bones are in the human body?

The outline asks this but does not provide the answer.

Approximately how many muscles are in the human body?

The outline asks this but does not provide the answer.

What is the fundamental position?

Same as anatomical position, except the hands are positioned differently.

What does anterior mean?

Nearer to or at the front of the body.

What does posterior mean?

Nearer to or at the back of the body.

What is the median/midline?

An imaginary vertical line dividing the body into equal left and right sides.

What does medial mean?

Nearer to the midline.

What does lateral mean?

Farther from the midline.

What does contralateral mean?

On the opposite side of the body.

What does ipsilateral mean?

On the same side of the body.

What does superior mean?

Toward the head or upper part of a structure.

What does inferior mean?

Away from the head/toward the lower part.

What does proximal mean?

Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk or the point of origin.

What does distal mean?

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk or point of origin.

What does superficial mean?

Toward or on the body’s surface.

What does deep mean?

Away from the body’s surface.

What does the sagittal plane divide the body into?

Left and right parts.

What axis is associated with the sagittal plane?

Lateral axis.

What movements occur in the sagittal plane?

Flexion, extension, ankle plantar flexion, and dorsiflexion.

What does the frontal plane divide the body into?

Front and back parts.

What axis is associated with the frontal plane?

Anteroposterior (AP) axis.

What movements occur in the frontal plane?

Abduction, adduction, scapular elevation/depression, and ankle inversion/eversion.

What does the transverse plane divide the body into?

Superior and inferior parts.

What movements are associated with the transverse plane?

Internal/external rotation, transverse shoulder rotation, and wrist pronation/supination.

What plane and axis do most activities occur in according to the notes?

Diagonal plane and oblique axis.

What is circumduction?

A circular/cone-like movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.

What are the five functions of the skeleton?

1. Protection of soft vital tissue 2. Support to maintain posture 3. Movement/point of attachment for muscles 4. Mineral storage, such as calcium and phosphorus 5. Blood cell formation in red marrow.

What is the primary function of osteoblasts?

New bone formation.

What is the primary function of osteoclasts?

Bone resorption.

What are osteoclasts important for?

Development, growth, maintenance, and repair of bone.

According to the notes, what is bone made of?

Minerals—including calcium, phosphorus, and sodium—and water.

What is cancellous bone like?

Spongy and permeable.

What is cortical bone like?

Stiff and dense and can withstand greater stress.

How does Wolff’s Law/“use it or lose it” apply to bone?

Stress/loading makes bone thicker and stronger; decreased loading causes bone to weaken.

What are the five types of bones?

Long, short, flat, sesamoid, and irregular.

What are examples of long bones from the notes?

Fibula and femur.

What are examples of short bones?

Carpals, tarsals, and talus.

What are examples of flat bones?

Ribs and clavicle.

What is an example of a sesamoid bone?

Patella.

What is an example of an irregular bone?

Maxilla.

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A thin plate of cartilage that closes with maturity.

What type of cartilage is articular cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage.

What are the two major functions of articular cartilage at a joint?

Cushioning and reducing friction.

What attaches to bone processes?

Ligaments, muscles, and tendons.

What are examples of processes?

Crest, line, and spine.

What are cavities?

Openings and grooves.

What are examples of cavities?

Fossa, meatus, and sinus.

What are the three structural categories of joints?

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.

What are the three functional categories of joints?

Synarthrodial, amphiarthrodial, and diarthrodial.

What are the functions of ligaments?

Connect bone to bone and provide static stability to joints.

Where are intraarticular ligaments located?

Within the joint capsule.

What is the common name for an arthrodial joint?

Gliding.

What characterizes an arthrodial joint?

Two flat bony surfaces moving against each other.

What is an example of an arthrodial joint?

Carpal bones.

What characterizes a condyloidal joint?

Biaxial—movement in two axes and two planes.

What is an example of a condyloidal joint?

2–5 MCP joints.

What is the common name for an enarthrodial joint?

Ball-and-socket.

What characterizes an enarthrodial joint?

A rounded head fitted into a concave articular surface.

What are examples of enarthrodial joints?

Hip and glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.

What is the common name for a ginglymus joint?

Hinge.

What characterizes a ginglymus joint?

Uniaxial articulation.

What are examples of ginglymus joints?

Elbow and knee.

What is the common name for a trochoidal joint?

Pivot.

What characterizes a trochoidal joint?

Uniaxial articulation.

What is the common name for a sellar joint?

Saddle.

What characterizes a sellar joint?

Concave and convex articular surfaces.

What is an example of a sellar joint?

Thumb.

What is range of motion (ROM)?

The area through which a joint may normally be freely and painlessly moved.

What instrument measures range of motion?

A goniometer.