Untitled
Yes — you want flashcards for basically everything testable in the outline, not just vocabulary: definitions, functions, classifications, examples, relationships, planes/movements, etc. I’ll keep the answers based on your lecture outline rather than adding outside material.
K205+Ch01+Foundations+Lect+Outline.pdf
Foundations / Position
Q: How many bones are in the human body?
A: The outline asks this but does not provide the answer.
Q: Approximately how many muscles are in the human body?
A: The outline asks this but does not provide the answer.
Q: What is the fundamental position?
A: Same as anatomical position, except the hands are positioned differently; the filled-in answer is not visible in the provided notes.
Anatomical Directions
Q: What does anterior mean?
A: Nearer to or at the front of the body.
Q: What does posterior mean?
A: Nearer to or at the back of the body.
Q: What is the median/midline?
A: An imaginary vertical line dividing the body into equal left and right sides.
Q: What does medial mean?
A: Nearer to the midline.
Q: What does lateral mean?
A: Farther from the midline.
Q: What does contralateral mean?
A: On the opposite side of the body.
Q: What does ipsilateral mean?
A: On the same side of the body.
Q: What does superior mean?
A: Toward the head or upper part of a structure.
Q: What does inferior mean?
A: Away from the head/toward the lower part.
Q: What does proximal mean?
A: Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk or the point of origin.
Q: What does distal mean?
A: Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk or point of origin.
Q: What does superficial mean?
A: Toward or on the body’s surface.
Q: What does deep mean?
A: Away from the body’s surface.
K205+Ch01+Foundations+Lect+Outline.pdf
Planes, Axes & Movements
Q: What does the sagittal plane divide the body into?
A: Left and right parts.
Q: What axis is associated with the sagittal plane?
A: Lateral axis.
Q: What movements occur in the sagittal plane?
A: Flexion, extension, ankle plantar flexion, and dorsiflexion.
Q: What does the frontal plane divide the body into?
A: Front and back parts.
Q: What axis is associated with the frontal plane?
A: Anteroposterior (AP) axis.
Q: What movements occur in the frontal plane?
A: Abduction, adduction, scapular elevation/depression, and ankle inversion/eversion.
Q: What does the transverse plane divide the body into?
A: Superior and inferior parts.
Q: What movements are associated with the transverse plane?
A: Internal/external rotation, transverse shoulder rotation, and wrist pronation/supination.
Q: What plane and axis do most activities occur in according to the notes?
A: Diagonal plane and oblique axis.
Q: What is circumduction?
A: A circular/cone-like movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
K205+Ch01+Foundations+Lect+Outline.pdf
Skeleton & Bone
Q: What are the five functions of the skeleton?
A:
Protection of soft vital tissue
Support to maintain posture
Movement/point of attachment for muscles
Mineral storage, such as calcium and phosphorus
Blood cell formation in red marrow
Q: What is the primary function of osteoblasts?
A: New bone formation.
Q: What is the primary function of osteoclasts?
A: Bone resorption.
Q: What are osteoclasts important for?
A: Development, growth, maintenance, and repair of bone.
Q: According to the notes, what is bone made of?
A: Minerals—including calcium, phosphorus, and sodium—and water.
Q: What is cancellous bone like?
A: Spongy and permeable.
Q: What is cortical bone like?
A: Stiff and dense and can withstand greater stress.
Q: How does Wolff’s Law/“use it or lose it” apply to bone?
A: Stress/loading makes bone thicker and stronger; decreased loading causes bone to weaken.
K205+Ch01+Foundations+Lect+Outline.pdf
Bony Features
Q: What are the five types of bones?
A: Long, short, flat, sesamoid, and irregular.
Q: What are examples of long bones from the notes?
A: Fibula and femur.
Q: What are examples of short bones?
A: Carpals, tarsals, and talus.
Q: What are examples of flat bones?
A: Ribs and clavicle.
Q: What is an example of a sesamoid bone?
A: Patella.
Q: What is an example of an irregular bone?
A: Maxilla.
Q: What is the epiphyseal plate?
A: A thin plate of cartilage that closes with maturity.
Q: What type of cartilage is articular cartilage?
A: Hyaline cartilage.
Q: What are the two major functions of articular cartilage at a joint?
A: Cushioning and reducing friction.
K205+Ch01+Foundations+Lect+Outline.pdf
Bone Markings
Q: What attaches to bone processes?
A: Ligaments, muscles, and tendons.
Q: What are examples of processes?
A: Crest, line, and spine.
Q: What are cavities?
A: Openings and grooves.
Q: What are examples of cavities?
A: Fossa, meatus, and sinus.
K205+Ch01+Foundations+Lect+Outline.pdf
Joint Classification
Q: What are the three structural categories of joints?
A: Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.
Q: What are the three functional categories of joints?
A: Synarthrodial, amphiarthrodial, and diarthrodial.
Q: What are the functions of ligaments?
A: Connect bone to bone and provide static stability to joints.
Q: Where are intraarticular ligaments located?
A: Within the joint capsule.
K205+Ch01+Foundations+Lect+Outline.pdf
Types of Joints
Q: What is the common name for an arthrodial joint?
A: Gliding.
Q: What characterizes an arthrodial joint?
A: Two flat bony surfaces moving against each other.
Q: What is an example of an arthrodial joint?
A: Carpal bones.
Q: What characterizes a condyloidal joint?
A: Biaxial—movement in two axes and two planes.
Q: What is an example of a condyloidal joint?
A: 2–5 MCP joints.
Q: What is the common name for an enarthrodial joint?
A: Ball-and-socket.
Q: What characterizes an enarthrodial joint?
A: A rounded head fitted into a concave articular surface.
Q: What are examples of enarthrodial joints?
A: Hip and glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.
Q: What is the common name for a ginglymus joint?
A: Hinge.
Q: What characterizes a ginglymus joint?
A: Uniaxial articulation.
Q: What are examples of ginglymus joints?
A: Elbow and knee.
Q: What is the common name for a trochoidal joint?
A: Pivot.
Q: What characterizes a trochoidal joint?
A: Uniaxial articulation.
Q: What is the common name for a sellar joint?
A: Saddle.
Q: What characterizes a sellar joint?
A: Concave and convex articular surfaces.
Q: What is an example of a sellar joint?
A: Thumb.
K205+Ch01+Foundations+Lect+Outline.pdf
Range of Motion
Q: What is range of motion (ROM)?
A: The area through which a joint may normally be freely and painlessly moved.
Q: What instrument measures range of motion?
A: A goniometer.
K205+Ch01+Foundations+Lect+Outline.pdf