Biology - DNA Technology and Genomics

on average, ___% of DNA between humans is the same:

99\.9

what are three kinds of noncoding DNA?

promoters, enhancers, introns, telomeres

name the 4 steps in DNA identification:

PCR method, restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis, DNA fingerprinting

This machine is used the PCR method:

thermocycler

The PCR method is used to ______ DNA sequences:

amplify

describe the PCR method:

the DNA sample is mixed with DNA polymerase, nucleotides, and primers. This solution goes through cycles of heating and cooling, which replicates the DNA.

restriction enzymes:

cut DNA at specific sequences

what do restriction enzymes naturally do?

cut up foreign DNA in bacteria

what do the restriction enzymes produce?

restriction fragments

single-strand overhanging ends on restriction fragments:

sticky ends

sticky ends are the key to:

joining DNA restriction fragments originating from different sources

how can you add a piece of DNA from another source with restriction enzymes?

cut both sources with the same restriction enzyme so they have the same sticky ends

gel electrophoresis seperates nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of what?

size or electrical charge

describe gel electrophoresis:

the DNA mixtures are placed in a well at one end of the gel slab, a negative electrode is attached near the DNA-containing end and a positive electrode is attached on the other side, DNA molecules travel towards the positive side, after 1/2 hour, the shorter molecules have moved further than the longer ones, separating them by length

the difference in restriction fragments:

restriction fragment length polymorphisms

what is the purpose of DNA fingerprinting?

permanently preserves the sorted DNA fragments

describe the DNA fingerprinting process:

a positively charged nylon membrane is pressed over the gel, attracting the DNA fragments.

what are probes?

small fragments of minisatellite DNA tagged with radioactive phosphorous

what are probes used for?

used to find a gene in a mass of DNA

the number of repeated units in minisatellites are called:

VNTRs

how many VNTR loci does DNA fingerprinting compare?

5-13

combining genes from different sources produces:

recombinant DNA

plasmids:

small, circular DNA molecules that are separate from the bacterial chromosome

what do plasmids do?

they cause bacterium to cause diseases or protect themselves against antibiotics

this enzyme pastes DNA fragments together:

DNA ligase

how do different DNA fragments bond?

they hydrogen bond

a bacterial cell takes up the recombinant plasmid through:

transformation

the recombinant bacteria then reproduces to form:

a clone of cells

how are cloned bacteria cells used?

directly or to produce protein

vector:

short piece of DNA that are used to copy genes and used in cloning

vectors can be:

plasmids or phages

genomic library:

the entire collection of all the cloned DNA fragments from a genome

name 2 ways that scientists can identify a clone with a desired gene:

test for the protein product and use nucleic acid probes to test

True or False: There is RNA processing in bacterium:

False

which enzyme is responsible for cDNA?

reverse transcriptase

where do scientists get reverse transcriptase?

retrovirus

cDNA stands for:

complementary DNA

cDNA do not have _____, making it shorter than usual DNA

introns

what does the Human Genome Project do?

mapped out the entire human genome

according to the Human Genome Project, how many genes do we have?

around 25,000 genes

what is the most common bacterium used for genetic engineering?

agrobacterium tumefaciens

what is the plasmid of agrobacterium tumefaciens?

ti plasmid

A:

DNA of eukaryotic gene

B:

RNA transcript

C:

transcription

D:

RNA splicing

E:

mRNA

F:

reverse transcriptase

G:

cDNA

H:

RNA breakdown

I

synthesis of second DNA strand

give 4 examples of uses of gene cloning:

pest resistance gene in plants, bacterium can clean up waste, protein makes snow form at higher temperatures, proteins that dissolve blood clots in heart attack therapy

what products do E. coli produce?

insulin, growth hormone, interleukin-2, cellulase, taxol, interferons

what products do S. cerevisiae produce?

interferons and hepatitis B vaccine

what products do mammalian cells produce?

erythropoietin, factor VIII, tissue plasminogen activator