AnP 2 lab 23 Urinary System

• has a role in urine production

• has a large blood supply

• no organ receives a greater fraction of cardiac output in terms of blood flow per gram of organ weight than this organ

the kidney

explain why a large volume of blood is is necessary for the primary function of the kidney

It helps with maintaining the homeostasis of blood.

• The kidney monitors and regulates blood pH and its concentration of wastes, water, and electrolytes

• Blood being in the correct state of dynamic equilibrium means that interstitial fluids will be as well

if interstitial fluids are stable, then the tissues and cells

tend to stay alive and do their job

the outer most layer of the kidney is

the fibrous capsule

what is the function of 18? Also what is it

this is the fibrous capsule. It provides a covering of collagenous connective tissue that strengthens and protects the kidney tissue

the kidney has a convex lateral surface and a concave medial surface. The medial indentation is 8 which is

the renal hilum

the hilum is the entry point for →

the hilum is the exit point for →

entry point: renal artery and renal nerves

exit: renal vein and ureter

identify which number is

• the renal artery

• renal vein

• ureter

renal artery → 9

renal vein → 17

ureter → 8

superior to the kidney is the

adrenal or supraadrenal gland

function of 13

the adrenal gland will secrete a variety of hormones

• cortex of the gland will secrete cortisol, aldosterone, and certain sex hormones

• medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine during sympathetic response

2 regions of the kidney

• medulla

• cortex

the medulla is primarily composed of triangular mass known as the ______. What number is that

renal pyramid. Number 1

The apex/tip of the renal pyramids point toward the interior of the kidney. This is referred to as the

renal papillae

What is 2

the cortex of the kidney which is superficial to the pyramid

Extensions of cortical tissue in between the renal pyramids are known as ____ which is which number

renal columns. Number 3

urine is produced within the renal cortex and then travels through the renal pyramids. Why are those straitiated

due to the presence of urine carrying tubes called collecting ducts

urine constantly drips out of each renal papilla into the tube called the

minor calyx

each renal pyramid has a corresponding minor calyx. Minor calyces form to converge a

major calyx

Major calyces converge to yield a large funnel structure near the renal hilum called the

renal pelvis

the renal pelvis exits the kidney and becomes the

ureter

Label 5,6,7

5. minor calyx

6. major calyx

7. renal pelvis

pathway for urine flow in kidney

Renal cortex → renal pyramid → renal papila → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter

What is this and its function

this is the urinary bladder. It is a collapsible storage sac of urine that allows for urine expulsion to occur infrequently despite the that urine is always produced

the mucosa of the urinary bladder is lined by

transitional epithelium

what is 7 and its function

this is the rugae. It gives the bladder expanability

the muscularis of the urinary bladder is composed of three layers of smooth muscle called the _______ which is number 8

detrusor muscle which is 8

The urinary bladder is lined by

parietal peritoneum on its superior surface and fibrous adventitia on all other sides.

urine exits bladder via the

urethra

the opening to the urethra within the bladder is the _____ which is number. What is its function

internal urethral orifice which is number 5. Opens during urination

the two ureteric openings and single urethral orifice mark a smooth triangular region devoid of rugae known as the

trigone

function of 3

Trigone. During urination, while the detrusor muscle contracts (expelling urine), the trigone acts to funnel urine in the urethra.

Branching off the aorta not long after its incursion into the abdominal cavity are the

paired renal arteries

within the kidney, the renal arteries begin to branch. Explain it

• the first branches are the segmental arteries.

• The segmental arteries give off branches to the interlobar arteries

• at the base of the renal pyramids are the arcuate arteries

• extending radially from the arcuate arteries into the renal cortex are the interlobular arteries (13)

label 9, 10, 11, 12, 13

9 → renal arteries

10 → segmental arteries

11 → interlobar arteries (also around 16)

12 → arcuate arteries (also around 14)

13 → interlobular arteries

Branching off of each interlobular artery are

afferent arterioles

where are the afferent artioles

6

Each afferent arteriole delivers blood to a spherical capillary cluster known as the

glomerulus

function of 7

the glomerulus. Place where the filtration of blood (first step of urine formation) take place before it goes to renal tubules

exiting rach glomerulus is an _____ arteriole.

efferent arteriole

what is 8? describe its volume of blood

efferent arteriole. The volume of blood in the efferent arteriole is usually only about 80% of the afferent arteriole since a fraction of blood plasma is filtered in the glomerulus

Each efferent arteriole will typically empty into a second set of capillaries referred to as the

peritubular capillaries

why is 9 named what it is

peritubular capillaries. Named so because of their close proximity to a set of structures called renal tubules

At the peritubular capillaries, the vast majority of fluid filtered at the glomerulus is

reclaimed

Some efferent arterioles empty into a set of straight vessels known as the

vasa recta while others give rise to the peritubular capillaries

what is 10

vasa recta

Blood from the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta travels to the

interlobular veins which are are adjacent to the interlobular arteries.

Interlobular veins empty into

arcuate veins

arcuate veins empty into the

interlobar veins

The interlobar veins converge to yield the renal vein, which exits the renal hilum and

delivers blood to the inferior vena cava

what is 9-13

9. peritubular capillaries

10. vasa recta

11. interlobular veins

12. arcuate veins

13. interlobar veins

pathway for renal blood flow

Abdominal aorta → renal artery → segmental artery → interlobar artery → arcuate artery → interlobular artery → afferent arteriole → glomerulus → efferent arteriole → peritubular capillaries/vasa recta → interlobular vein → arcate vein → interloar vein → renal vein → inferior vena cava

Renal structures that work with the glomerular and peritubular capillaries to produce

urine

Surrounding each spherical glomerulus is a structure known as the

glomerular capsule

The relationship between the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule is like that of a fist punching a balloon

first → glomerulus

balloon → capsule

Portion of the capsule lying directly on the glomerulus is its _____layer which is composed of cells called

visceral layer; podocytes

what is 5 and what is it made of

parietal layer of the glomerular capsule. It is its outer layer and composed of simple squamous epithelium

Collectively, the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule are known as the

renal corpuscle

High pressure in the glomerular capillaries forces fluid from their lumen to the

lumen of the capsule (space between its parietal and visceral layers)

Podocytes help ensure that

no formed elements or plasma proteins leave the glomerulus

The fluid that enters the lumen of the capsule is referred to as

filtrate

filtrate contains solutes of two varieties which are

Things we’d like to keep → nutrients

Excretions (wastes)

Flitrate exits the glomerular capsule and enters a tortuous tube known as the

proximal convoluted tubule

characteristics of 6

• proximal convulated tubule

• lined by simpled cubodial epithelium laden with microvilli

  • that with its long length give it a larger surface area

• caries and modifies the flitrate at the glomerulus

Wrapped around the exterior of the PCT are the peritubular capillaries. What do these two do together

These work in tandem to perform the processes of reabsorption and secretion

explain reabsorption in the context of the PCT and peritubular capillaries

Any solute that was filtered at the glomerulus but should not be excreted in urine (i.e glucose) will be transported from the lumen of the PCT to the lumen of the neighboring peritubular capillary

explain secretion in the context of the PCT and peritubular capillaries

Any solute that was not filtered at the glomerulus but should be excreted in urine is transported from the lumen of the peritubular capillary to the lumen of the PCT

The filtrate that has been modified by reabsorption and secretion will exit the PCT and enter the

loop of henle

what is 7 and its function

loop of henle. hair pin turn. primarily Augments the kidney ability to concentrate urine. Helps us reabsorb water from urine to concentrate it

adjacent to the loop of henle are the

long straight capillaries of the vasa recta. They will work together to help concentrate urine

from the loop of henle, the filtrate will enter another tube to which the loop of henle connects to

distal convoluted tubules

8 function

DCT. As flitrate flows through the DCT, its ionic content is modified as necessary

Multiple distant convoluted tubules will drain into a single

collecting duct

function of 9

the collecting ducts carry urine down through the medullary pyramoid and terminate at a renal papilla. The cells of collecting ducts will reabsorb water from urine as is necessary

The entire set of tubes carrying filtrate to the collecting duct is referred to as a

nephron

Each kidney has about 1 million nephrons and it is due to

• their collective effort that blood is filtered and urine is produced 

as filtrate flows from the glomerular capsule to the distal convoluted tubule:

a. its glucose content would _____

b. its water content would ____

c. its creatinine (a waste product would) ____

a. decrease

b. decrease

c. increase

why is the PCT epithelium so heavily endowed with microvilli

they provide the necessary surface area for the enamours amount of reabsorption that occurs

as blood flowed from an efferent arteriole to an interlobular vein

a. its glucose content would ____

b. its water content would ____

c. its creatinine (waste product) content would ___

a. increase

b. increase.

c. decrease

arrange the following in the correct order of the filtrate/urine flow

a. major calyx

b. pct

c. renal papilla

d. DCT

e. urethra

f. ureter

g. collecting duct

h. loop of henle

b → h → d → g → c → a → f → e

in each of the following situations, select the location with the greater hydrostatic pressure

A. glomerular capillary—glomerular capsule

b. distal convoluted tubule—loop of henle

c. minor calyx—major calyx

D. arcuate vein—interlobular vein

a. glomerular capillary

b. loop of henle

c. minor calyx

d. interlobular vein

many desert dwelling animals exhibit extremely long loops of henle. Why?

it allows them to super concentrate their urine which helps retain water. THis is necessary in an arid environment

what structures allow urination to be discontinuous even though urine production is continuous

urinary bladder and urethral sphincters

how could damage to podocytes affect the protein content of urine

it would decrease their filtering ability and larger molecules such as proteins could start appearing in urine

label

1. renal pyramids

2. renal cortex

3. renal columns

4. renal papilla

5. minor calyx

6. major calyx

7. renal pelvis

8. renal hilum

9. ureter

10. renal vein

11. inferior vena cava

12. abdominal aorta

site of urine formation

renal cortex. From there, urine flows through the renal pyramids and exits at each renal papilla. Then it goes to a minor calyx

ureter carries urine to the

urinary bladder

label

1. 2 ureter

2. opening for ureters

3. trigone

4. internal urethral oriface

5. prostatic urethra

6. prostate gland

7. rugae

8. detrusor muscle

9. inter urethral sphincter

10. vas deferenes

prostatic urethra runs through the

prostate gland

label

1. adrenal gland

2. renal cortex

3. renal pyramid

4. renal papila

5. minor calyx

6. major calyx

7. renal pelvis

8. ureter

9. renal vein

10. renal artery

11. inferior vena cava

label

1. ureter

2. urinary bladder

3. vas deferens

4. seminal vessel

5. prostate gland

function of vas deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate gland

vas deferens → carries testicular fluid and sperm from testis

seminal vesicle → add seminal fluid

prostate gland → prostatic fluid

these three things make majority of fluid

seminal vesicle

label

1. Renal cortex 

2. Renal pyramid 

3. Renal column 

4. Renal papilla 

5. Minor calyx 

6. Major calynx 

7. Renal pelvis 

8. Ureter 

We can trace blood flow through the major renal blood vessels 

9. Renal artery 

10. Segmental artery 

11. Interlobar artery (runs between the pyramids) 

12. Arcuate artery 

13. Interlobular artery 

14. Interlobular vein 

15. Arcuate vein (+plus artery) 

16. Interlobar vein 

17. Renal vein 

18. fibrous capsule

label

1. Adrenal gland 

2. Renal cortex 

3. Renal pyramid 

4. Renal papila 

5. Minor calyx 

6. Renal pelvis 

7. Ureter 

8. Abdominal aorta 

9. Renal artery 

10. Segmental artery 

11. Interlobar vein 

12. Renal vein 

13. Inferior vena cava 

14. Fibrous capsule 

label

1. Ureter 

2. Urinary bladder (posterior view) 

3. Vas deferens 

4. Seminal vesicle 

5. Prostate gland 

label

1. renal cortex

2. renal medulla

3. interlobar artery

4. arcuate artery

5. interlobular artery

6. afferent artiole

7. glomerulus

8. efferent arteriole

9. peritubular capillaries

10. vasa recta

11. interlobular vein

12. arcuate vein

13. interlobar vein

14. proximal convoluted tubule

15. loop of henle

16. distal convoluted tubule

17. collecting duct

what is the color of each

black —> proximal contoluted tubule (connects to loop of henle)

blue → loop of henle

pink → distal convoluted tubule → connects to collecting duct