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What is the empirical method?

The empirical method uses evidence from observable experience as the basis of a conclusion.

What distinguishes a theory from a hypothesis?

A theory is an explanatory framework validated through observation and experimentation, while a hypothesis is an educated guess that serves as a foundation for further investigation.

What is falsifiability?

Falsifiability is a feature of a scientific theory indicating that it is possible to collect data demonstrating the theory is incorrect.

What does the term parsimony refer to in scientific theories?

Parsimony refers to the degree to which a theory offers the simplest explanation of a phenomenon.

Why is skepticism important to scientists?

Skepticism is important because scientists do not accept ideas on faith; they treat conclusions cautiously and require evidence.

What is the difference between systematic research and simple experience?

Systematic research employs rigorous, standardized methods to avoid personal bias, while simple experience is influenced by subjective perceptions that can distort observations.

What is a comparison group?

A comparison group is a group in an experiment differing from the treatment group in meaningful ways regarding the independent variable.

What is confirmatory hypothesis testing?

Confirmatory hypothesis testing is the tendency to focus only on evidence that supports a hypothesis while ignoring evidence that might contradict it.

What is the typical anatomy of an empirical article?

An empirical article typically includes sections: Abstract (summary), Introduction (research question and hypothesis), Method (procedure and participants), Results (findings), and Discussion (implications).

What is a meta-analysis?

A meta-analysis is a method of averaging results from multiple studies to arrive at a more accurate overall conclusion.

What is meant by effect size?

Effect size refers to the magnitude or strength of a relationship between two or more variables.

What is the Belmont Report?

The Belmont Report outlines ethical principles for research involving human subjects, including respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.

What does informed consent entail?

Informed consent requires providing potential participants with a written explanation of the study, including risks and benefits, before they agree to participate.

What are vulnerable populations in research?

Vulnerable populations include groups such as children, prisoners, the elderly, and individuals with disabilities, who may require special protection in research.

What is an Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

An IRB is a committee that evaluates, approves, and monitors research involving human participants to ensure ethical conduct.

What are common harms social scientists must consider?

Common harms include physical harm, psychological stress, and loss of privacy and confidentiality for participants.

What is cherry picking in research?

Cherry picking refers to the bias of selecting only evidence or data that supports one's argument while ignoring contrary evidence.

What does the term statistical validity refer to?

Statistical validity pertains to the accuracy and appropriateness of the statistical conclusions drawn from a study.