Tier 2 Vocab

Active Voice

essentially any sentence with an active verb
\>>>Johnny Appleseed planted his seeds in the garden.

ANADIPLOSIS

repetition technique where the last word of the clause begins the next clause, creating a connection of ideas important to the author's purpose.
\>>>The Furies pursued the men. The men were chased by their nightmares. The nightmares awakened everyone in the room.

ANAPHORA

the deliberate repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of several successive phrases, clauses, or lines.
\>>>...not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need — not as a call to battle though embattled we are...
\>>>I will fight for medical care. I will fight for more jobs. I will fight for equal pay. I will fight for you.

ANASTROPHE

the reversal (inversion) of the natural order of words in a sentence.
\>>>In the face of pain there be no heroes
\>>>A great teacher failure is

ANTIMETABOLE

repetition of specific words in the reverse order.
\>>>Ask not what your country can do for you — ask what you can do for your country

APHORISM

a brief statement of an opinion or an elemental truth.
\>>>All for one and one for all
\>>>If it ain't broke, don't fix it

APPOSITIVE

a noun phrase that modifies the noun next to it
\>>>The dragon, a large creature with glittering green scales, looked warily at the approaching wizard.

ARCHAIC DICTION

old-fashioned or outdated choice of words.
\>>>...beliefs for which our forebears fought

ASYNDETON

the omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses or words.
\>>>...we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and success of liberty.

COMPLEX SENTENCE

a sentence structure that is a combination of a dependent clause and an independent clause.
\>>>If you walk to the top of the tower, you will find a sacred sardine can.

COMPOUND SENTENCE

a sentence structure made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction.
\>>>Don't open the door or a deadly smell will kill you.

COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE

a combination of a compound and complex sentence.
\>>>Because the swamp is near your back door, you might expect the Creature from the Black Lagoon to put in an appearance and tear about Uncle Al's fishin' shack if it is in his way.

CUMULATIVE SENTENCE

a sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on.
\>>>But neither can two great and powerful groups of nations take comfort from our present course — both sides overburdened by the cost of modern weapons, both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom, yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war.

DECLARATIVE SENTENCE

the most common type of sentence, it is a basic statement or assertion.
\>>>Alternate forms of energy must be found by people who are not capitalists desiring only power and money.

DEDUCTIVE REASONING

a logical process by which one reaches a conclusion by using claims or premises that are generally believed to be true. The assumption by the author is that you will accept the claims as true and that you will then deduce the correct conclusion.
\>>>The infrastructure of American cities was designed and built by human beings. Human beings are fallible. Therefore, one may conclude that there are flaws in the infrastructure.

DEPENDENT CLAUSE

this clause contains a noun and a verb but is set up with a subordinate conjunction, which makes the clause an incomplete sentence or thought.
\>>>Because the rabbit refused to come out of the hat...

EPISTROPHE

the ending of a series of lines, phrases, clauses, or sentences with the same word or words; when used in a speech it is emotionally potent.
\>>>Abraham Lincoln: This government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from this earth.

EUPHEMISM

to use a safer, nicer, or more appropriate/acceptable word for something others find inappropriate or unappealing.
\>>>Bambi's mother now grazes in the pasture of forever.
After a night of partying, she spent the morning repenting at the altar of the porcelain god.

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE

a sentence that conveys excitement or force.
\>>>Wow, he is so fast!

GENERALIZATION

a sweeping or broad statement or conclusion drawn about a group of people, or things, and applied to groups of people or things.

HORTATIVE SENTENCE

a sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action.
\>>>Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.

IMPERATIVE SENTENCE

a sentence that is used to command or enjoin.
\>>>My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

a clause that can stand alone as a sentence; it has a subject and predicate.
\>>>The magician's rabbit died.

INDUCTIVE REASONING

from the Latin inducere "to lead into" this is a logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars or specific instances to universals in order to draw a general conclusion
\>>>Regular exercise promotes weight loss. Exercise lowers stress levels. Exercise improves mood and outlook. Exercise contributes to better health.

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE

a sentence that is a question.
\>>>Do I turn left or right at the intersection?

JARGON

a pattern of speech and vocabulary associated with a particular group of people or profession.

MALAPROPISM

the form of wordplay in which one word is mistakenly substituted for another that sounds similar. Usually used to be amusing or funny.

METONYMY

figure of speech in which the name of one thing is substituted for another with which it is closely associated.
\>>>The crown spoke with authority about the crisis. [the crown \= monarch, king or queen]

PARADOX

a statement or situation that is seemingly contradictory on the surface, but delivers an ironic truth.
\>>>To live outside the law you must be honest.

PARALLELISM

similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.
\>>>Let both sides explore... Let both sides, for the first time..., Let both sides seek to invoke... Let both sides unite to heal...

PASSIVE VOICE

the subject is the recipient of the verb's action. [opposite of active voice]
\>>>Bananas are adored by monkeys.

PERIODIC SENTENCE

a sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end.
\>>>To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge...

POLYSYNDETON

the deliberate use of multiple conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.
\>>>I paid for my plane ticket, and the taxes, and the fees, and the charge for my luggage, and five dollars for a bottle of water.

PROPAGANDA

the spread of ideas and information to further a cause; in a negative sense it is the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause.

QUALITATIVE EVIDENCE

evidence that includes things that are interpretation-based, descriptive, or related to language and can be categorized to help us understand the how, why, what happened, etc.
\>>>Examples: diaries, recordings, observations, case studies

QUANTITATIVE EVIDENCE

evidence that includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers to help us understand how many, how much, how often, etc.
\>>>Examples: polls, stats, surveys, census data, etc

SIMPLE SENTENCE

an independent clause; has a subject and a verb
\>>>She planted a tree

SYNECDOCHE

figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole.
\>>>I try to park my wheels next to the worst-looking car to make mine look better.

SYNTAX

the arrangement of words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. This includes word order (ex: subject-verb-object or an inverted structure); the length and structure of the sentences (simple, compound, complex compound-complex); and such schemes as parallelism, juxtaposition, antithesis, and antimetabole.

ZEUGMA

use of two different words in grammatically similar ways that produce different, often incongruous, meanings.
\>>>When you open a book, you open your mind.