Chapter 10 - Motivation

Homeostasis

The bodys was of keeping things balanced (ex. sweating when you’re hot)

Motives

needs, wants, interests and desires that propel people in a direction

Drive theory

humans act to reduce needs and restore balance, internal "push" factors (ex. eating when hungry)

Drive

an internal state of negative tension that motivates one to act to reduce tension

Incentive theory

human behavior is primarily driven by the desire for external rewards and the avoidance of punishments, rather than just internal biological needs. outside reinforcements = "pull" individuals toward specific goals

Incentive

external rewards/goals that has capacity to motivate behavior (extrinsic motivation)

Evolutionary theory or motivation

human and animal behaviors are driven by biologically programmed instincts that promote survival and reproductive success

Social motives

motivated by other people (ex. Achievement, affiliation (group connections), independence)

Biological motives

motivated by physical needs (ex. Hunger, thirst, sex, sleep)

Sensory-specific satiety

more food variability = more eating, less food variability = less eating

Food availability and hunger

food quality ⬆️, quantity ⬆️, variety ⬆️= consumption ⬆️

Obesity

condition of being over weight (BMI over 30)

Set point

natural (biological) range of weight

Body mass index

weight in kg/ height in (m) squared

BMI and morality

moderately overweight people do not have elevated mortality (death rates), but it is tied to increased HR, blood pressure, diabetes

External cue sensitivity

people with obesity are more sensitive to external cues (ex. asking to go to someones fav fast food place) (more likely to respond and cant resist)

Masters and Johnson research

observed people having sex, early studies involved prostitutes (physiological reactions)

Phases of human sexual responses

1) excitement (physical arousal rises rapidly + vasocongestion), 2) plateau (arousal continues to build - slower), 3) orgasm (sexual arousal reaches peak, muscle contractions/ spasms), 4) resolution (sexual arousal subsides)

Refractory period

a time following orgasm during which males are largely unresponsive to further stimulation

Parental investment

what each sex has to invest in terms of time, energy, survival risks to produce and nurture offspring

Kinsey's sexual orientation continuum

is a 7-point continuum ranging from 0 (straight- exclusively heterosexual) to 6 (gay - exclusively homosexual)

Sexual orientation

A person's pattern of romantic or sexual attraction

Achievement motive

the need to master difficult challenges, outperform others and meet high standards

Emotions

subjective conscious experience, bodily arousal, observable expressions

Theories of emotion

• Common sense: stimulus → emotion: fear → fight or flight,

• James-lange: stimulus → fight or flight → emotion: fear

• Cannon-Bard (brain): stimulus → brain reacts first → emotion: fear AND fight or flight

• Schachter: stimulus → fight or flight → evaluation: “how scary is it?” → emotion: fear