CVA Lab 1-4/Lecture 1-5 (Phylogenetic History)

deuterostomy, radial cleavage

Deuterostomata Synapomorphies

pharyngeal slits, dorsal hollow nerve cord

Pharyngeotremata Synapomorphies

notochord, post-anal tail, endostyle

Chordata Synapomorphies

dorsal and ventral aorta, myomeres

Somitichordata Synapomorphies

braincase, neural crest, complex sensory organs, tripartite brain, respiratory gills, hemoglobin, heart, muscular gut tube, neural placodes

Craniata Synapomorphies

vertebral column, radial fin muscles, 2 or more semicircular canals, dermal bone

Vertebrata Synapomorphies

cellular bone, paired muscular fins, heterocercal tail

Gnathostomata & Osteostraci Synapomorphies

three dorsal cephalic fields

Osteostraci Synapomorphies

jaws, three semicircular canals, appendicular skeleton, paired nostrils

Gnathostomata Synapomorphies

optic pedicel

Elasmobranchimorphi Synapomorphies

ceratotrichia, placoid scales

Chondrichthyes Synapomorphies

ring of armor on the anterior part of the trunk

Placodermi Synapomorphies

operculum

Teleostomi Synapomorphies

lungs, lepidotrichia, heavily ossified skeleton

Osteichthyes Synapomorphies

ganoid scales

Actinopterygii Synapomorphies

mobile jaws, swim bladder, loss of spiracle

Neopterygii Synapomorphies

cycloid and ctenoid scales, homocercal tail

Teleostei Synapomorphies

muscular lobed fins, cosmoid scales with thicker cosmine layer

Sarcopterygii Synapomorphies

intracranial joint

Actinistia Synapomorphies

labyrinthine teeth

Rhipidistia Synapomorphies

fusion of dorsal caudal and anal fins

Dipnoi Synapomorphies

four dactylous limbs

Tetrapoda Synapomorphies

pentadactyly

Neotetrapoda Synapomorphies

four or fewer digits in the hands

Amphibia Synapomorphies

short ribs, wrist and ankle bones completely ossified, amphibian papilla in inner ear

Lissamphibia Synapomorphies

2 3 4 5 4 phalangeal formula

Reptilomorpha Synapomorphies

amnion, astragalus ankle bone, two or more sacral vertebrae, keratinized skin

Amniota Synapomorphies

foot rotated under body

Sauropsida Synapomorphies

presence of a carapace and plastron

Testudines Synapomorphies

diapsid skull

Diapsida Synapomorphies

transverse cloacal slit, thin rod-like columella

Lepidosauria Synapomorphies

hemipenes

Squamata Synapomorphies

thecodont dentition

Archosauromorpha Synapomorphies

antiorbital fenestrae, 4th trochanter on femora

Archosauria Synapomorphies

intratarsal ankle joint

Crocodylomorpha Synapomorphies

mesotarsal ankle joint

Ornithodira Synapomorphies

elongation of manual digit IV to support wings

Pterosauria Synapomorphies

three or more sacral vertebrae, in-turned femoral head

Dinosauria Synapomorphies

curved femora, hollow limb bones

Theropoda Synapomorphies

synapsid skull condition

Synapsida Synapomorphies

upright posture, heterodont dentition

Therapsida Synapomorphies

dentary dominant in jaw, masseter muscle, cusps on posterior teeth, regionalized vertebral column

Cynodontia Synapomorphies

dentary-squamosal jaw joint, three inner ear bones, precise dental occlusion with diphyodont teeth (two sets)

Mammalia Synapomorphies

reversed triangular cusp pattern of occlusion, cloaca like reptiles to lay cleidoic egg

Monotremata Synapomorphies

tribosphenic molars, viviparity

Theria Synapomorphies

in-turned angular process on the dentary, marsupium, primitive five upper incisors

Metatheria Synapomorphies

placenta

Eutheria Synapomorphies

longitudinal section (l.s.)

What section is cut along the midline of the body?

cross section (c.s.)

What section is cut across the midline of the body?

mid-sagittal (between the eyes), frontal, and transverse (like a cross section)

What are the three planes of reference?

allometry

the study of relative growth in which the proportions of an animal change at a different rate

root (base)

the most recent common ancestor to all taxa in the tree

branch

ancestral populations through time

node

ancestral taxon split to form 2 descendent branches

tip

terminal taxon (individual, species, genera, etc.)

cladogenesis

evolutionary change and diversification resulting from branching off of new taxa from common ancestral lineages at nodes

anagenesis

evolutionary change that results in linear descent without branching or splitting

atavism

throwback structures that are present in ancestors but rarely show up in humans

morphological stasis

living members of groups that originally evolved hundreds of millions of years ago and have retained the same shape since

heterochrony

an evolutionary shift in the timing of the development of a structure or process relative to the ancestral condition

paedomorphosis

development of shape is truncated, adults of descendants have the morphology of juveniles of the ancestor

peramorphosis

development of shape is extended, when adults of descendant have a more developed morphology than ancestor (such as longer teeth in a smilodon)

Outgroup Analysis

method of establishing evolutionary patterns of change or stasis (= no change) using outgroups as indicators of the primitive states

Deuterostomata

Echinodermata (Ex: star fish, sea stars) and all more derived.

Pharyngotremata

Hemichordata (Ex: Acorn worms (Saccoglossus)) and all more derived.

Chordata

Urochordata (Ex: Tunicates) and all more derived.

Somatichordata

Cephalochordata (Ex: Lancelet/Amphioxus) and all more derived

Craniata

Myxiniformes (Ex: hagfish) and all more derived (Ex: Dogfish brain, human blood smear)

Vertebrata

Petromyzontiformes (Ex: lamprey) and all more derived

Osteostraci

Paleozoic jawless fishes (osteostracoderms)

Gnathostomata

Elasmobranchimorphi (Chondrichthyes/Placoderms) and all more derived

Elasmobranchimorphi

Sharks, rays, and chimaeras

Placodermi

Paleozoic jawed fishes

Teleostomi

Acanthodii and all more derived

Osteichthyes

Actinopterygii and all more derived

Actinopterygii

Neopterygii and other actinopterygians

Neopterygii

Teleostei and other neopterygians (gar and Amia)

Teleostei

All extant neopterygians except gars and Amia

Sarcopterygii

Actinistia (Ex: coelacanth) and all more derived

Actinistia

Coelacanths

Rhipidistia

Dipnoi (Ex: lungfish) and all more derived

Dipnoi

Lungfish

Tetrapoda

Acanthostegidae/Ichthyostegidae and all more
derived

Neotetrapoda

Amphibia and all more derived

Amphibia

Lissamphibia and other amphibians

Lissamphibia

Gymnophiona and Batrachia

Gymnophiona

Caecilians

Batrachia

Anura and Caudata

Anura

Frogs & toads

Caudata

Salamanders

Reptilomorpha

Amniota and other reptilomorphs

Amniota

Sauropsida and Synapsida

Sauropsida

Testudines and Diapsida

Testudines

All extinct and extant turtles

Diapsida

Lepidosauria and Archosauromorpha

Lepidosauria

Sphenodon and Squamata

Squamata

Lizards and snakes

Archosauromorpha

Archosauria and other archosauromorphs

Archosauria

Ornithodira and Crocodylomorpha

Crocodylomorpha

All extinct and extant crocodilians